Explain Narmada Bachao Andolan and the Chipko movement.

Narmada Bachao Andolan — The Narmada Bachao Andolan was started in 1986 under the leadership of Medha Patkar. It aimed primarily to educate those directly affected about the social and environmental impact of large development projects. It began as a protest against the construction of dams in the Narmada Valley. The Andolan mobilised and organised residents of the Narmada Valley on human rights and environmental issues related to big dams. The leaders of this movement have been fighting against displacement and disregard of the rights of the people affected by mega-projects like Sardar Sarovar Dam. The movement also raised concerns about submergence of agricultural lands, forests and villages, as well as the displacement of tribal communities.

Chipko Movement — In the 1970s, an organised resistance to the destruction of forests spread throughout India, known as Chipko Andolan. Chipko literally means "hug the trees". The movement was a grassroots effort aimed at raising awareness about deforestation, promoting sustainable forest management, and advocating for the rights of local communities. It was a response to rampant deforestation and commercial logging activities that were negatively impacting the livelihood of local villagers and the fragile Himalayan ecosystem. The movement was led by Sunderlal Bahuguna and several other civil society leaders. Ghanshyam Raturi, the Chipko poet, wrote a poem describing the method of embracing trees to save them from being felled. Sunderlal Bahuguna undertook a 5000-kilometre foot march and coined the slogan "Ecology is permanent economy". Chandi Prasad Bhatt formed a circle around trees preventing them from cutting. The movement contributed to eco-feminism, deep ecology and sustainable development, and led to a ban on the felling of green trees in the Himalayan forests.