Assertion (A): Micropyle is the opening through which the pollen tube enters the ovule.

Reason (R): Micropyle helps in the diffusion of respiratory gases for the growing embryo.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Assertion (A): The single cotyledon of maize grain is termed as scutellum which does not store any food material for the developing embryo.

Reason (R): Food material for the developing embryo is stored in the endosperm of the maize grain.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Assertion (A): Epicotyl of the embryonic axis elongates faster in hypogeal germination.

Reason (R): Epicotyl of the embryonic axis elongates faster in epigeal germination and the cotyledons remain underground.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Vinita has gone to her grandparents' home situated in a'coastal village'. While visiting, she noticed that several fruits have fallen on the muddy shore. Unlike the seeds she had seen in other plants, these fruits already had long, green shoots emerging from them. Vinita observed that the already-sprouted seedlings easily anchored themselves in the soft mud, preventing them from being washed away by the tides.

(a) Mention the special mode of seed germination seen by Vinita in some plants of the coastal area.

(b) What specific term is used to describe such plants in which the seed germinates inside the fruit itself?

(c) Give two examples of the plants described above in (b).

(d) Which part of the embryo appears much elongated during the above mentioned germination in (a) ?

(e) How are these seeds adversely affected if they fall directly onto the marshy land ?