With reference to the life and teachings of Mahavira, explain the following :

(a) When and where was Mahavira born?

(b) For how many years did Mahavira practise self-discipline?

(c) Describe any two of his teachings.

(a) Mahavira was born at Kundagrama near Vaishali (in present-day Bihar) in the second half of the sixth century BCE.

(b) Mahavira practised severe discipline and self-mortification for 12 years.

(c) Two teachings of Lord Mahavira are given below:

1. Nine Truths : According to Jaina philosophy, the realisation of these Nine Truths is essential. These are : Jiva (living beings), Ajiva (Non-living things), Punya (results of good deeds), Papa (sin), Ashrav (good deeds), Sanvar (hindrance to karma), Bandha (bondage), Nirjara (destruction of karmas) and Moksha (Salvation).
2. Believe in equality : Jainism rejected the caste system and class distinctions, advocating the equality for all. Mahavira strongly believed in the equality of all people and opposed caste discrimination. He supported women's freedom, allowing them to join the Jain Sangha, and emphasised equality between men and women. Mahavira promoted universal brotherhood, recognising all individuals as equal, regardless of caste or creed. He taught that virtuous actions lead to ultimate salvation (moksha) and that compassion should be shown to all living beings, from the smallest insect to the highest forms of life.