Solved 2023 Question Paper ICSE Class 10 History & Civics

An ordinance has to be approved by the Parliament within ............... weeks.

1. Two
2. Three
3. Six
4. Eight

Answer

Six

Reason — All Ordinances must be put up before both the Houses for their approval. Ordinances cease to operate after six weeks from the re-assembly of Parliament, unless they are approved by the Houses.

The junior category of ministers who assist senior ministers:

1. Cabinet Ministers
2. Ministers of State
3. Deputy Ministers
4. Council of Ministers

Answer

Deputy Ministers

Reason — Deputy Ministers assist the Cabinet Ministers and the Council of Ministers. They are junior ministers and are placed under senior ministers whom they have to assist.

A major natural calamity has taken place and the opposition wants the house to lay aside all other business and take up this matter of urgent importance. Which motion should the house move to allow this?

1. Adjournment Motion
2. No-confidence Motion
3. Confidence Motion
4. Censure Motion

Answer

Adjournment Motion

Reason — An Adjournment Motion means a proposal to lay aside all other business and take up a 'definite matter of urgent importance'. Such a Motion leads to the interruption of normal business of the House.

When the Supreme Court reviews any judgement made by it to remove an error, it falls under ............... jurisdiction.

1. Advisory
2. Revisory
3. Original
4. Appellate

Answer

Revisory

Reason — The Supreme Court is empowered to review any judgement or order made by it with a view to removing any mistake or error that might have crept in the judgement or order. This decision is acceptable by all courts in India.

The ............... has the power to summon the Houses of Parliament.

1. Speaker
2. President
3. Vice President
4. Chief Justice of India

Answer

President

Reason — The President has the power to summon the Houses of Parliament. There should not be a gap of more than six months between two sessions of each House.

Court of District Judge : Civil Cases :: Sessions Court : ............... Cases

1. Advisory
2. Criminal
3. Constitutional
4. Appellate

Answer

Criminal

Reason — The District Judge handles civil cases, while the Sessions Court handles criminal cases.

Formation of Congress : 1885 :: Formation of Muslim League : ...............

1. 1905
2. 1906
3. 1907
4. 1908

Answer

1906

Reason — The All-India Muslim League was set up on December 30, 1906, under the presidency of Nawab Salimullah. Aga Khan was elected as the permanent president of the Muslim League.

The plan of Partition of Bengal was proposed by ............... .

1. Lord Canning
2. Lord Dalhousie
3. Lord Curzon
4. Lord Ripon

Answer

Lord Curzon

Reason — The plan for the Partition of Bengal was formulated by Lord Curzon in 1905, who believed that such an action would weaken the nationalist movement in Bengal. It was part of the Divide and Rule policy of the British.

People protested against the ............... because it had seven British members and no Indian representation.

1. Simon Commission
2. Lucknow Pact
3. Ilbert Bill
4. Cabinet Mission

Answer

Simon Commission

Reason — The Simon Commission was composed of seven British members of Parliament and had no Indian members. This was seen as a violation of the principle of self-determination and a deliberate insult to the self-respect of Indians.

The main objective of the Assertive Nationalists was ............... .

1. Constitutional agitation
2. Peaceful protests
3. Purna Swaraj
4. Self-government under British Rule

Answer

Purna Swaraj

Reason — The main objective of the assertive nationalists was to attain Purna Swaraj from the British Government in India and establish their administration and government.

Identify the Early Nationalist leader.

1. Gopal Krishna Gokhale
2. Bipin Chandra Pal
3. Jyotiba Phule
4. Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Answer

Gopal Krishna Gokhale

Reason — Gopal Krishna Gokhale was one of the earliest and most popular nationalist leaders who played an important role in raising the consciousness of the Indian people against British rule. Mahatma Gandhi even called him as his 'political mentor'.

The Lucknow Pact was signed between ............... .

1. The British and the Congress
2. The Congress and the Muslim League
3. The Early and the Assertive Nationalists
4. The Muslim League and the British

Answer

The Congress and the Muslim League

Reason — The famous Lucknow Pact of 1916 was signed between the Congress and the Muslim League under which they negotiated and agreed on some crucial points and to make peace with one another.

............... was one of the causes of the Quit India Movement.

1. Failure of the Second Round Table Conference
2. Rowlatt Act
3. Mountbatten Plan
4. Failure of the Cripps Mission

Answer

Failure of the Cripps Mission

Reason — The British Government in the year 1942 sent Sir Stafford Cripps to draw up a plan for India to decide its future after the war. However, this plan was not accepted by all the parties, and soon after it they started the Quit India Movement in August 1942.

The International Court of Justice has ............... judges.

1. 5
2. 10
3. 12
4. 15

Answer

15

Reason — The International Court of Justice (ICJ) has 15 judges from different countries. They are elected for nine-year terms by the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council.

Which of these leaders was an architect of the Non-Aligned Movement?

1. Joseph Stalin
2. Abdel Nasser
3. Winston Churchill
4. Franklin Roosevelt

Answer

Abdel Nasser

Reason — President Abdel Nasser of Egypt, along with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India and President Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, were the main founders of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).

The immediate cause of the First World War was ............... .

1. Imperialism
2. Alliance System
3. Sarajevo Crisis
4. Arms Race

Answer

Sarajevo Crisis

Reason — The immediate cause of the First World War was the murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austria-Hungary throne, in Sarajevo, Bosnia, by a secret Serbian group. After this, Austria declared war on Serbia, and due to the alliance system, the war quickly spread across Europe.

Mention any two ways in which the Constitution ensures the independence of the Judiciary from the Executive.

Answer

Two ways in which the Constitution ensures the independence of the Judiciary from the Executive are:

1. A Judge can remain in office till he has attained the age of 65 years. He can be removed by the President on the ground of "proved misbehaviour or incapacity."
2. The Supreme Court can punish for the contempt of court if a person or authority makes an attempt to lower its authority.

State any two legislative powers of the Cabinet.

Answer

Two legislative powers of the Cabinet are:

1. Amendment to the Constitution: The Cabinet is instrumental in planning and moving the Amendment to the Constitution.
2. Issuing Ordinances: Cabinet also advises the President to issue ordinances when the Parliament is not in session.

Mention any two repressive policies of Lord Lytton.

Answer

Two repressive policies of Lord Lytton are:

1. Vernacular Press Act — This act, enacted in 1878, forbade vernacular papers to publish any material that might incite feelings of dissatisfaction against the British Government. This act was not applicable to English newspapers.
2. Arms Act — The Arms Act of 1878 made it a criminal offence for Indians to carry arms without licence. This act did not apply to British.

Give two reasons for the acceptance of the Mountbatten Plan by the Congress.

Answer

Two reasons for the acceptance of the Mountbatten Plan by the Congress were:

1. Large scale communal riots engulfed the whole country. The only solution to the communal problem was the Partition of India.
2. The only alternative to Partition was a Federation with a weak centre. A smaller India with a strong central authority was better than a bigger state with a weak centre.

State any two objectives of the Muslim League.

Answer

Two objectives of the Muslim League were:

1. To promote, among the Muslims of India, support for the British government and to remove any misconceptions regarding the intention of the government in relation to Indian Muslims.
2. To protect and advance the political rights and interests of the Muslims and to represent their needs and aspirations to the government in mild and moderate language.

Mention any two clauses of the Treaty of Versailles.

Answer

Two clauses of the Treaty of Versailles are:

1. The area of the Rhine Valley was to be demilitarised and the German territory west of Rhine was to be occupied by the Allied Troops for 15 years.
2. The German Army was restricted to a force of 1,00,000 soldiers and the Navy was limited to 15,000 men and 24 ships. The Air Force and submarines were banned.

Name the two alliances formed in Europe before the beginning of the First World War.

Answer

Before the First World War, the two major alliances in Europe were:

1. Triple Alliance which included Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
2. Triple Entente which included France, Russia, and the United Kingdom.

The Union Legislature comprises the President and the two houses of the Parliament. With reference to the Parliament, answer the following questions:

(i) Mr. Raj wants to be a member of the Lok Sabha. Mention any three qualifications required to contest elections for the Lok Sabha.

(ii) Mention any three legislative powers of the Union Parliament.

(iii) The Parliament controls the Executive. Mention any four ways in which it exercises its control.

Answer

(i) Mr. Raj is qualified to be a member of the Lok Sabha if he fulfills the following conditions:

1. He should be an Indian citizen.
2. He should be at least 25 years of age.
3. He should have his name in the electoral rolls in some part of the country.

(ii) Three legislative powers of the Union Parliament are:

1. Matters in the Union List — The Parliament has exclusive powers to make laws on all the subjects mentioned in the Union List, including important subjects like Defence, Banking, Communications, Foreign Affairs, etc.
2. Matters in the Concurrent List — Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies can both make laws on Concurrent List subjects like education, forests, succession, etc. In case of a conflict, the Union law overrides the State law.
3. Powers during Emergency — When a State faces a breakdown of Constitutional machinery, Parliament takes over its legislative and financial powers, including passing the State budget.

(iii) The Parliament exercises control over the Executive in the following ways:

1. Interpellation: The Question Hour, Calling Attention Notices and Half-an-Hour Discussion are some of the devices to seek information from the government about its policies and performance.
   For example - The first hour of a sitting in both Houses is allotted for asking and answering of questions related to matters of public importance or to highlight a grievance. It is a valuable device against injustice and slackness of the government.

2. Vote of No-confidence: If a Government acts against the Constitutional provisions, it can be voted out of office by passing a vote of no-confidence against the Prime Minister, or the Ministry as a whole or any of its members. In such a case, the whole Ministry has to resign.

3. Adjournment Motion: Motion for adjournment is aimed at censuring the acts of omission and commission of the Ministers.

4. Monetary Controls: During the budget session a cut motion may be moved. Parliamentary Committee on Public Accounts ensures that public money is spent in accordance with Parliament's decision. It examines reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.

These mechanisms ensure that the Executive remains answerable to the Legislature and works within the framework of law and public interest.

The President is the head of the State and exercises his / her powers on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers. With reference to this, answer the following questions:

(i) What are the three types of emergencies that can be proclaimed by the President?

(ii) Mention any three legislative powers of the President.

(iii) Give any two reasons to justify the need for indirect election of the President. What is the composition of the Electoral College which elects the President?

Answer

(i) An Emergency is "a sudden or unforeseen situation demanding immediate action." It is a situation in which the Head of State assumes extraordinary powers. The President can proclaim a state of Emergency in the following cases:

1. National or General Emergency: There is a danger of foreign aggression or danger to the peace and security of the country because of a civil war, insurgency or any other such cause (Article 352).

2. Breakdown of Constitutional Machinery: The Constitutional machinery in a State has broken down or there is a deadlock because of political uncertainties or otherwise (Article 356).

3. Financial Emergency: A set-back to the financial stability or credit feasibility of the country is likely to occur or has occurred (Article 360).

(ii) Three legislative powers of the President are:

1. Dissolve the Lok Sabha: He/She can dissolve the Lok Sabha and order fresh elections.

2. Assent to Bills: Once a Bill is passed by both the Houses, it is sent to the President for his/her approval. The President may give his/her assent, or withhold the Bill or send it back to the House concerned with recommendations. If the same bill is passed again, the President has to give his/her assent.

3. Promulgate Ordinances: The President can promulgate an Ordinance, which has the same status as an Act of Parliament when:

   1. Certain circumstances need immediate action.
   2. Both Houses of Parliament are not in session.
   3. All Ordinances must be put up before both the Houses for their approval. Ordinances cease to operate after six weeks from the re-assembly of Parliament, unless they are approved by the Houses.
   4. The Ordinance lapses if it is replaced by an Act of Parliament.

(iii) The President is elected by indirect elections because of the following reasons:

1. If the President were to be elected directly by the people, he could become a rival centre of power to the Council of Ministers. This would be against the parliamentary system with ministerial responsibility.
2. Since the membership in the two Houses of Parliament was likely to be dominated by one party, election of the President merely by a majority of members of the Union Parliament could make him a nominee of the ruling party like the Prime Minister. Such a President could not represent the constituent States of the Union.

COMPOSITION OF THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE

The President is elected indirectly by the members of an Electoral College consisting of:

1. the elected members of both Houses of Parliament.

2. the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States including National Capital Territory of Delhi and the Union Territory of Puducherry.

Nominated members of Rajya Sabha and State Assemblies are not eligible to be included in the Electoral college.

The Constitution of India provides for a High Court for each State. With reference to the High Courts and Subordinate Courts, answer the following questions:

(i) Who appoints the judges of the High Court? Mention any two qualifications required for a person to be appointed as a judge of a High Court.

(ii) Mention any three cases that come under the Original Jurisdiction of the High Court.

(iii) What are Lok Adalats? Mention any three advantages of the Lok Adalats.

Answer

(i) The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by the President in consultation with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Governor of the concerned state. While appointing other judges, the President consults the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State and the Chief Justice of that High Court.

To be appointed as a Judge of a High Court, a person:

1. Should be a citizen of India.
2. Should not be over 62 years.

(ii) Three cases that come under the Original Jurisdiction of the High Court are:

1. Every High Court has the power to interpret the Constitution. This power is known as the power of Judicial Review.
2. It enjoys original jurisdiction for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Constitution. It can also issue writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
3. The High Court has original jurisdiction in cases such as, election petitions challenging the election of the Members of Parliament or a member of the State Legislative Assembly or other local bodies.

(iii) Lok Adalat means 'People's Court'. It is an alternative dispute redressal mechanism where disputes/cases pending in the court of law or at pre-litigation stage are settled amicably. There is no court fee payable when a matter is filed in a Lok Adalat.

The Lok Adalats are advantageous in the following ways:

1. to provide legal aid and quick justice to those who are not in a position to engage lawyers.
2. to relieve the courts of heavy backlog of cases.
3. to eliminate high costs and delays in imparting justice.

The Indian Nationalists described the Great Uprising of 1857 as the First War of Independence. With reference to this, answer the following questions:

(i) Mention any three policies used by the British to expand their political power in India.

(ii) The Revolt of 1857 is also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. Mention any three military causes which led to the uprising.

(iii) Mention any four economic causes of the Revolt.

Answer

(i) Three policies used by the British to expand their political power in India are:

1. By Outright Wars: To expand their territorial power in India and to safeguard their economic and political interests the British waged many wars against the Indian rulers of different states.
2. By Subsidiary Alliance: Subsidiary Alliance, introduced by Lord Wellesley, was an agreement between the British East India Company and the Indian Princely States by virtue of which these states lost their sovereignty (the power of a ruler to rule independently without any outside interference) to the British.
3. By Using the Doctrine of Lapse: Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-General of India, annexed many Indian States to the Company using the Doctrine of Lapse. According to this Doctrine, if an Indian ruler died without a male heir, his kingdom would lapse, that is, it would come under the Company's territory in India.

(ii) Three military causes which led to the uprising of 1857 are:

1. Ill-treatment of Indian soldiers: Indian soldiers were poorly paid, ill-fed and badly housed. British military authorities forbade the sepoys from wearing caste or sectarian marks, beards or turbans, and they showed disregard for the sentiments of the sepoys.

2. General Service Enlistment Act (1856): As per this Act, Indian soldiers could be sent overseas on duty. The Act did not take into account the sentiment of the Indian soldiers. This led to a feeling of resentment among them.

3. Lower Salaries: The wages of the Indian soldiers were inadequate to support their families. On the other hand, the British soldiers received more than eight times the salary of the Indian soldiers.

(iii) Four economic causes which led to the uprising of 1857 are:

1. The resources from India were exploited for the benefit of the British people and the growth of industries in Britain. The raw material was exported and finished goods were imported. It ruined the Indian industries and handicrafts.
2. There was a gradual decline in Indian handicrafts which now began to compete with the textiles manufactured in England. The British put pressure on the East India Company to forbid the sale of Indian textiles in England. They impose heavy export duties on India’s export of handicraft products, but allowed free export of India’s raw material to Britain and free import of British finish goods into India. Machine made British cloth was cheaper and of better quality. This eventually led to the shutting down of looms in India.
3. People moved to cities to find employment, which was very difficult to get. Peasants were forced to pay tax in cash, which pushed them into the hands of the moneylenders, as the tax was collected even during the famines.
4. As the Indigo trade was highly profitable to the British, the peasants were forced to cultivate only indigo in the fields chosen by the British planters. If they planted anything else, their crops were destroyed, and their cattle were carried off as punishment.

Look at the picture given below and answer the following questions:

(i) Name the march being led by Gandhiji in the above picture. Which movement did this march launch?

(ii) What were the three causes of the Non-Cooperation Movement? Name the incident which led to the suspension of this movement.

(iii) Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin signed a pact in 1931. Mention any two conditions that the Congress agreed to and two conditions that the British Government agreed to according to this pact.

Answer

(i) The march being led by Gandhiji in the given picture is known as the Dandi March. This march led to the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930.

(ii) There were three main reasons behind the Non-cooperation movement:

1. Rowlatt Act: The Rowlatt Act authorised the Government to imprison any person without trial and convict him in a court. It implied:
   1. Arrest of a person without warrant.
   2. In camera trial (trial in seclusion).
   3. Restrictions on movements of individuals.
   4. Suspension of the Right of Habeas Corpus.

Gandhiji appealed to the Viceroy to withhold his consent to the Rowlatt Act. However his appeal was ignored. He started 'Satyagraha' as a challenge to the government.

2. Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy: Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy happened in Amritsar on April 13, 1919. On that day, peaceful gathering had assembled at Jallianwala Bagh to protest against the Rowlatt Act. Without any warning, General Dyer ordered his troops to open fire on the unarmed crowd, resulting in hundreds of deaths and thousands of injuries. It was made clear to the Indians that the British had no intention of parting with political power or sharing it with Indians.

3. Khilafat Movement: In the First World War Turkey was defeated and the Sultan of Turkey, who was the Caliph was deprived of all authority. The Muslim population in India started a powerful agitation known as the Khilafat Movement, under the leadership of the Ali Brothers. 'Khilafat Day' was observed on October 17, 1919 on an all-India scale. Gandhiji took the chance to unite Hindus and Muslims. Mahatma Gandhi was elected as President of the All-India Khilafat Conference in November 1919. He advised the Khilafat Committee to adopt a policy of Non-Cooperation with the Government.

Suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement — The Non-Cooperation Movement was withdrawn by Mahatma Gandhi after the Chauri Chaura incident. Gandhiji believed in peaceful and non-violent protests, and the violent turn of events at Chauri Chaura deeply distressed him. Therefore, he withdrew the movement.

(iii) Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin signed Gandhi-Irwin Pact pact in March, 1931.

Two conditions that the Congress agreed to are-

1. Participation in Round Table Conference — The Indian National Congress agreed to take part in the second session of the Round Table Conference.
2. Suspend Civil Disobedience Movement — The Congress agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Two conditions that the British Government agreed to are-

1. Withdrawal of Ordinances — The British government agreed to withdraw all ordinances and end prosecution.
2. Removal of Salt Tax — The British government permitted free collection or manufacture of salt by persons near the seacoast.

The heroism of the Indians was revealed by the courage of Subash Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army. With reference to this, answer the following questions:

(i) Mention any three objectives of the Forward Bloc.

(ii) Mention any three contributions of Subash Chandra Bose.

(iii) Who was the founder of the Indian National Army? Mention any three of its objectives.

Answer

(i) Three objectives of the Forward Bloc are:

1. Forward Bloc's immediate objective was liberation of India with the support of workers, peasants, youth and other organisations.
2. After attaining independence, Forward Bloc would work for the establishment of a Socialist State through reorganisation of agriculture and industry on socialist lines.
3. After attaining independence, Forward Bloc would work for the establishment of a Socialist State through abolition of the Zamindari system.

(ii) Three contributions of Subash Chandra Bose are:

1. He led the freedom struggle outside India as the Supreme Commander of the INA. He set up the Provisional Government of Free India in Singapore.
2. He declared war on Britain and the USA and acquired its first stretch of territory in India when Japan handed over Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
3. The INA gave a tough fight to the British forces in the Assam hills and succeeded in capturing Ukhrul and Kohima. However, the surrender of Japan in the Second World War sealed the fate of the INA. The INA set an inspiring example of patriotism.

(iii) Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose was the founder of the Indian National Army. Three objectives of INA are:

1. To organise an armed revolution and to fight the British army with modern arms.
2. Since it was not possible for the Indians to organise an armed revolution from their homeland, this task must be assigned to the Indians living abroad, particularly on Indians living in East Asia.
3. To organise a provisional government of Free India in order to mobilise all the forces effectively.

The world wars marked a turning point in the history of the world. With reference to this period, answer the following questions:

(i) Mention any three similarities between the ideologies of Fascism and Nazism.

(ii) State the three consequences of the Second World War.

(iii) Mention any four causes of the Second World War.

Answer

(i) Three similarities between the ideologies of Fascism and Nazism are:

1. To have faith in the totalitarian rule.
2. To hold that the State is supreme and it could suppress the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals.
3. To believe in aggressive nationalism and imperialism.

(ii) Three consequences of the Second World War are:

1. Defeat of the Axis Powers — The Axis Powers made remarkable success initially but were defeated by the Allied Powers.

2. Formation of the UN — The United Nations Organisation was established to bring peace and avoid another world war.

3. Cold War — After the Second World War, the USA and the erstwhile USSR emerged as two great powers representing contrasting ideologies. They divided the world into two rival blocs —

4. The Capitalist bloc led by the USA

5. The Communist bloc led by the USSR.

There was a state of extreme political tension between the two but no armed conflict. This is known as the Cold War.

(iii) Four causes of the Second World War are:

1. Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles: The Treaty of Versailles was based on the spirit of revenge and Germany was forced to sign the treaty, which included harsh terms. All the German colonies were forcibly taken away from her and she was divided into two parts for the benefit of Poland. She was burdened with huge war indemnity and her military power was reduced. This humiliation gave rise to the spirit of revenge and this was not possible without an aggressive policy and armaments. Hence, the war became inevitable.

2. Rise of Fascism and Nazism: The rise of extreme nationalism in Italy and Germany in the form of Fascism and Nazism, respectively contributed to the causes which led to the - Second World War. Both countries formed a ten years alliance in 1939 to - strengthen their position. Mussolini established dictatorship in Italy, while Hitler established dictatorship in Germany. Both leaders opposed the Treaty of Versailles, and went on to strengthen their respective countries. The League of Nations failed to take any action against them, which exhibited the weakness of the League. Thus, Mussolini and Hitler drove the countries of the world towards another World War.

3. Japanese Invasion of China: In 1931, Japan intervened in Manchuria and, set up a government there. Japan also started an undeclared war against China in 1931. China appealed to the League of Nations to declare sanctions against Japan, but it was ignored. Japan joined the Berlin-Rome Axis to form the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis to further its policy of expansion and conquest. In 1933, Japan left the League of Nations and started occupying the British and American properties in China. Thus, a war was inevitable under these circumstances.

4. Hitler's invasion of Poland: Hitler's invasion of Poland in September, 1939 was the immediate cause of the Second World War. On December 7, 1941, Japan under the Premiership of General Tojo, ordered a surprise aerial attack on the Pearl Harbour. This incident caused America to declare war on Japan, Germany and Italy.

The United Nations Organisation aims to maintain international peace. With reference to its organs and agencies, answer the following:

(i) What is the composition of the Security Council? What is the term of the non-permanent members?

(ii) Mention any three functions of the General Assembly.

(iii) Give the full form of UNESCO. Mention any three of its functions.

Answer

(i) The Security Council consists of 15 members.

1. It has five permanent members —
   1. China
   2. France
   3. Russia
   4. Britain
   5. The United States of America
2. The regional representation of the ten non-permanent members is:
   • Afro-Asian countries — 5
   • Latin American countries — 2
   • West European and other countries — 2
   • East European countries — 1.
3. The ten non-permanent members are elected by the General Assembly by a two-third majority for a term of two years.
4. A retiring member is not eligible for immediate re-election.
5. The Presidency of the Council rotates monthly, according to the English alphabetical listing of its member States.

(ii) Three functions of the General Assembly are:

1. To consider and make recommendations on the principles of cooperation, in the maintenance of international peace and security.
2. To consider and approve the budget of the United Nations and to apportion the contributions among members.
3. To elect the non-permanent members of the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and the Trusteeship Council, and to elect the judges of the International Court of Justice.

(iii) UNESCO stands for United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

Three functions of UNESCO are:

1. Removal of illiteracy by encouragement to adult education, distance-education and the open school system.
2. It promotes basic research in fields like geology, mathematics, physics and oceanography. As a result, it finances engineering and technology schemes in a number of developing countries.
3. It has set up regional networks, trained technicians and deals with both hardware and software aspects of informatics.