Which of the following vows means "practising chastity"?

1. Asteya
2. Ahimsa
3. Aparigraha
4. Brahmacharya

(A) During this period, Jainism and Buddhism emerged as important religious reform movements.

(R) In the sixth century BCE, orthodox religious beliefs and practices were challenged by the new sects.

1. (R) contradicts (A)
2. (R) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (R) is false.
4. (A) and (R) are independent of each other.

(A) Jainism and Buddhism grew and spread as a reaction against ritualism prevalent in the existing religious practises.

(R) Most of the Vedic literature was composed in Sanskrit and difficult to be understood by the common people.

1. (R) contradicts (A)
2. (R) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (R) is false.
4. (A) and (R) are independent of each other.

(A) Mahavira attained salvation at Pavapuri in Bihar.

(R) Mahavira gave his first sermon at Deer Park in Sarnath near Varanasi.

1. (R) contradicts (A)
2. (R) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (R) is false.
4. (A) and (R) are independent of each other.