History & Civics
Study the pictures given below and answer the questions that follow:
(a) Identify the persons 'A' and 'B' given above. To which section of the Congress did each belong and what were their ultimate objectives?
(b) State three different methods of struggle adopted by each section of the Congress.
(c) State two contributions of persons 'A' and 'B' to the freedom struggle.
2ⁿᵈ Phase of INM
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Answer
(a) The picture 'A' shows Dadabhai Naoroji and the picture 'B' shows Lala Lajpat Rai.
Dadabhai Naoroji belonged to the Early Nationalists section of the Congress and Lala Lajpat Rai belonged to the Assertive Nationalists section of the Congress.
Dadabhai Naoroji wanted to achieve self-government and strove for autonomy within the Empire and not for absolute independence while Lala Lajpat Rai aimed at nothing short of Swaraj (i.e., Complete Independence).
(b) Three different methods of struggle adopted by each section of the Congress were-
| Early Nationalists | Assertive Nationalists |
|---|---|
| They believed in constitutional methods and worked within the framework of the law. | They were assertive in their approach. |
| They followed the method of three P's - petitions, prayers and protests. | They followed the method of swadeshi, boycott, national education and passive resistance. |
| They sent memorandums and petitions to government officials and the British Parliament. | They adopted the policy of non-cooperation, mass agitation and self reliance. |
(c) Two contributions of Dadabhai Naoroji in the freedom struggle are as follows —
- India's Unofficial Ambassador — Dadabhai Naoroji spent a major part of his life in England fighting for the cause of his country. He founded London India Society and East India Association in London to further the cause of India in Britain.
- Exposed the Economic Ills of India — Through his works, 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India' and his famous 'Drain Theory' he explained how India's wealth was being 'drained' to England through various ways.
Two contributions of Lala Lajpat Rai in the freedom struggle are as follows —
- An Educationlist and a Forceful Writer — Lala Lajpat Rai was a prolific writer. When he was in the USA, he started a monthly magazine 'Young India' to spread the message of the right of India to attain Swaraj. His publications included: 'The Call to Young India', 'England's Debt to India' and 'THe Political Future of India'.
- A Social Reformer — Lajpat Rai was associated with the Arya Samaj Movement. He was instrumental in the expansion of D.A.V. College at Lahore in 1886.
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Related Questions
With reference to the Surat Split of 1907, answer the following questions:
(a) What were the issues on which the two wings of the Congress had differences of opinion? How did the British exploit the differences between the Early Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists?
(b) What was the effect of the split between the two wings of the Congress on the National Movement?
(c) Why did the Assertive Nationalists adopt the policy of non-cooperation with the British Government? Name the assertive nationalist leader who organised akharas and lathi clubs. Why were these organised?
In the second phase of the national movement, there emerged a new younger group of leaders within the Congress who did not agree with the old leadership. In this context, answer the following questions:
(a) Explain how the repressive policies of Lord Curzon and influence of International events led to the Assertive nationalism.
(b) Name the Assertive Nationalist leader who was wounded when he was leading a protest against Simon Commission. How were his words, when he was wounded, prophetics?
(c) Differentiate between the Early Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists in their objectives and achievements, stating one objective and two achievements of each wing of the Congress.
Read the excerpt given below and answer the questions that follow:
"You will have observed the word 'boycott' attached to the word 'movement'. It means that it shall move, move from point to point, move from city to city, move from division to division, move from province to province till we realise the highest destiny of our people as a nation in the comity of nations. I mean swaraj."
—Bipin Chandra Pal, 1906 Calcutta Session of the Congress
(a) Mention Bipin Chandra Pal's political aims.
(b) State his ideas on National Education.
(c) What remedies did he propose to eradicate India's poverty and unemployment?
Read the excerpt given below and answer the questions that follow:
It is a mistake to suppose that the Swadeshi movement requires sacrifice from poor people. We, the middle classes are the greatest offenders in this respect. The poor Kumbi villagers, require not many foreign articles at all, — probably none at all. It is we, the middle classes, who are the consumers of foreign goods; and since this Government is not going to stop the drain by imposing a protective duty it becomes imperatively necessary to adopt a measure by which we can do ourselves what the Government is bound to do and what the government ought to have done long ago. That one point was self-help and another point was determination; and the third sacrifice. You will find that all this included in this resolution, joined with the declaration made in the Presidential address that Swadeshism is a forced necessity in India owing to unnatural economic conditions in India, makes up a complete case for you. I trust that resolution of self-help adopted this year will form the basis of other resolutions of self-help in years to come.’
— Bal Gangadhar Tilak (At the 1906 session of Indian National Congress, where the resolution on Swadeshi was moved.).
(a) What was the main aim of Swadeshi as referred to in the extract? How does, it relate to 'boycott'?
(b) What are the reasons for focussing on Swadeshi?
(c) In what ways is the speaker of this extract the forerunner of Gandhiji?