Assertion (A): Dioecious plants bear unisexual flowers on different plants.

Reason (R): Dioecious plants bear staminate and pistillate flowers on the same plant at different locations.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Assertion (A): The kind of androecium in which the stamens are united in one group by their filaments is termed as Monadelphous.

Reason (R): Monadelphous stamens are found in Pea and Bombax flowers.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Assertion (A): Calyx and corolla are considered as non-essential (or accessory) parts of a flower because they do not participate in the process of reproduction.

Reason (R): Calyx and corolla are not useless. They protect the reproductive parts of the flower. Corolla attracts insects for pollination which is the first step of reproduction.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Nidhi is a girl who loves to visit gardens and observe flowers. She used to categorize the flowers on the basis of their size, presence/absence of petiole, colour of the petals, etc. She observed the flowers of Bougainvillea and noticed thatok the actual flowers are dull and small, white in colour but are protected by some other colourful structures.

(a) Are these colourful structures epipetals ? Explain.

(b) Define the above structure.

(c) Mention 3 colours of the above structure which can be seen in Bougainvillea.

(d) Why do these structures become colourful ? Write their important role.

(e) If any other part of the flower becomes colourful like petals, what technical term can be used for it?