Briefly explain the contributions made by each of the following to the National Movement:

(a) Dadabhai Naoroji

(b) Surendranath Banerjea

(c) Gopal Krishna Gokhale

(a) The contributions made by Dadabhai Naroji are given below:

1. He was among one of the founder members of the Indian National Congress.
2. He gave the famous 'Drain' theory and his views on Indian economy.
3. He started a magazine Dharma Marg Darshak and the Rast Goftar (Truth Teller), an Anglo-Gujarati newspaper in 1854.
4. He founded the East India Association in London in 1866.
5. He was in favour of appointing the educated Indians to high posts.
6. He started movements against the Vernacular Press Act and the atrocious treatment of the Zamindars with the poor peasants.
7. Swaraj was the key-note of his presidential address at Calcutta Session in 1906. He demanded Swaraj, for the first time.
8. Four resolutions on self-government, boycott, swadeshi and national education were passed by the Congress under his presidentship.

(b) The contributions made by Surendranath Banerjea are given below:

1. To fight against the wrong policies of the British and injustice, he founded the Indian Association in 1876. It merged with the Congress in 1886.
2. He was one of the founding members of Indian National Congress.
3. S.N. Banerjea started agitations against the Licence Act, the Arms Act, the Vernacular Press Act and against lowering the age gradually from 23 years to 19 years to appear in the ICS Examination.
4. He organised popular demonstrations for protecting the poor peasants against the exploitation and oppression of the Zamindars.
5. He vehemently opposed the Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 which introduced separate electorates for the Hindus and the Muslims.
6. He also opposed the division of Bengal by Lord Curzon in 1905.
7. The sale of foreign goods proved harmful for the Indian trade and industries and ruined them. So he preached the use of swadeshi and boycott of foreign goods.

(c) The contributions made by Gopal Krishna Gokhale are given below:

1. He established "Servants of India Society."
2. He opposed the policies of the British Government whenever necessary. He attacked the toll tax because it was a burden on the poor.
3. He criticised the Government for incurring huge expenditure on the English army, for adopting the policy of racial discrimination in appointments to high posts, imposing production tax on cotton, ignoring elementary education, etc.
4. He opposed Lord Curzon for the division of Bengal (1905) and establishing strict government control over universities.
5. He played an important role in the passage of the Minto-Morley Reforms.
6. He impressed upon the Government to reduce the land revenue.
7. He laid great stress on encouraging industry and on appointing Indians to high posts so that the money saved could be used for the welfare of the people.
8. It was the result of his effort that the toll tax was reduced, more Indians were appointed to high posts and much attention was paid for promoting elementary education.