$\text{1.} \space \boxed{\text{A}} + \text{H}$2\text{O} \xrightarrow{\text{ELECTROLYSIS}} \underset{\text{CAUSTIC SODA}}{\boxed{\text{x}}} + \underset{\text{ANODE}}{\boxed{\text{Y} \uparrow}} + \underset{\text{CATHODE}}{\boxed{\text{Z} \uparrow}} \\[1em] \text{2.} \space \underset{\text{MOLTEN}}{\boxed{\text{A}}} \xrightarrow{\text{ELECTROLYSIS}} \underset{\text{CATHODE}}{\boxed{\text{M}}} + \underset{\text{ANODE}}{\boxed{\text{Y} \uparrow}} \\[1em] \text{3.} \space \boxed{\text{M}} + \text{CH}3\text{COOH} \longrightarrow \boxed{\text{P}} + \boxed{\text{Z} \uparrow} \\[1em] \text{4.} \space \text{CH}3\text{COOH} + \boxed{\text{Q}} \xrightarrow[\text{H}2\text{SO}_4]{\text{Conc.}} \boxed{\text{R}} \\[1em] \text{5.} \space \boxed{\text{R}} + \boxed{\text{X}} \longrightarrow \boxed{\text{P}} + \boxed{\text{Q}}

(a) Derive the names of A, Y, Z, M, P & R

Attempt either subpart B or C.

(b) Improvise an activity to test Z.

OR

(c) Name the process in which compounds X, Y & Z are formed from A. Justify your response.

(a)

$1. \space \boxed{\text{A}} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \xrightarrow{\text{ELECTROLYSIS}} \underset{\text{CAUSTIC SODA}}{\boxed{\text{x}}} + \underset{\text{ANODE}}{\boxed{\text{Y} \uparrow}} + \underset{\text{CATHODE}}{\boxed{\text{Z} \uparrow}}$

The only electrolysis that gives caustic soda (NaOH), hydrogen gas (H₂) at the cathode and chlorine gas (Cl₂) at the anode is the electrolysis of aqueous Sodium Chloride (NaCl).

$\text{NaCl} + \text{H}$2\text{O} \xrightarrow{\text{ELECTROLYSIS}} \underset{\text{CAUSTIC SODA}}{\text{NaOH}} + \underset{\text{ANODE}}{\text{Cl}2 \uparrow} + \underset{\text{CATHODE}}{\text{H}_2 \uparrow}

Hence, A → Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

$\text{2.} \space \underset{\text{MOLTEN}}{\boxed{\text{A}}} \xrightarrow{\text{ELECTROLYSIS}} \underset{\text{CATHODE}}{\boxed{\text{M}}} + \underset{\text{ANODE}}{\boxed{\text{Y} \uparrow}} \\[1em] \text{NaCl} \xrightarrow{\text{ELECTROLYSIS}} \underset{\text{CATHODE}}{\text{Na}} + \underset{\text{ANODE}}{\text{Cl}_2}$

Hence, Y → Chlorine gas (Cl₂)

$3. \space \boxed{\text{M}} + \text{CH}_3\text{COOH} \longrightarrow \boxed{\text{P}} + \boxed{\text{Z} \uparrow}$

Sodium metal (M) reacts with acetic acid (CH₃COOH) to form sodium acetate and hydrogen gas:

2Na + 2CH₃COOH → 2CH₃COONa + H₂(↑)

Hence, M → Sodium metal (Na) and Z → Hydrogen gas (H₂)

$4. \space \text{CH}$3\text{COOH} + \boxed{\text{Q}} \xrightarrow[\text{H}2\text{SO}_4]{\text{Conc.}} \boxed{\text{R}}

Acetic acid (CH₃COOH) reacts with ethanol (C₂H₅OH) in the presence of conc. H₂SO₄ to form ethyl ethanoate (CH₃COOC₂H₅) and water.

CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH → CH₃COOC₂H₅

Hence, R → Ethyl ethanoate (CH₃COOC₂H₅)

$5. \space \boxed{\text{R}} + \boxed{\text{X}} \longrightarrow \boxed{\text{P}} + \boxed{\text{Q}}$

Ethyl ethanoate reacts with NaOH (alkali) to form sodium ethanoate (CH₃COONa) and ethanol (C₂H₅OH).

CH₃COOC₂H₅ + NaOH → CH₃COONa + C₂H₅OH

Hence, P → Sodium ethanoate (CH₃COONa)

(b) Activity to test Z (Hydrogen gas):

Aim : To test for hydrogen gas.

Procedure :

1. Set the apparatus as shown in below figure.

2. Take about 5 mL of dilute sulphuric acid in a test tube and add a few pieces of zinc granules to it.

3. Pass the gas being evolved through the soap solution.

4. Take a burning candle near a gas filled bubble.

Observation: The gas burns with a pop sound.

Inference: The gas is hydrogen.

(c) The process is called Chlor-Alkali Process.
The name of the process comes from its products — Chlor from Chlorine and Alkali from sodium hydroxide which is an alkali.