Explain the campaigns led by Mahatma Gandhi.

The major campaigns led by Mahatma Gandhi are given below:

Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22)

• Launched alongside the Khilafat Movement.
• Methods included boycott of British goods, schools, courts, government jobs, and tax refusal.
• Aimed at achieving Swaraj through non-violent protest.
• Movement was suspended after the Chauri Chaura incident (1922).
• Impact: Mass participation, strengthened Hindu-Muslim unity, and boosted self-confidence among Indians.

Civil Disobedience Movement (1930)

• Started with the Salt March from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi on 12 March 1930 to break the Salt Law.
• Widespread participation including women and peasants, boycotting foreign goods, and refusal to pay taxes.
• Government response: Arrests, fines, and use of force.
• Later resolved through the Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931), which led to release of political prisoners and allowed Indians to make salt for personal use.

Quit India Movement (1942)

• Launched after the failure of the Cripps Mission.
• All India Congress Committee, on 8 August 1942, passed the Quit India Resolution.
• Gandhiji gave the slogan “Do or Die” demanding immediate independence.
• Government suppression: Arrest of Gandhi and other leaders, lathi charges, firing, restrictions on newspapers, and widespread use of force.
• Impact: Showed the resolve of the masses and became the greatest mass challenge to British authority.