How did the socio-religious reform movements of the 19th century act as pioneers of Indian Nationalism?

(i) They proclaimed the superiority of Indian culture and civilisation.

(ii) They believed that British rule in India would lead to a society based on equality and equanimity.

(iii) They created a consciousness of a new society devoid of privileges based on caste, creed or religion.

1. (i) and (ii)
2. (ii) and (iii)
3. (i) and (iii)
4. All of the above.

(i) and (iii)

Reason — The socio-religious reform movements acted as pioneers of Indian nationalism because they proclaimed the superiority of Indian culture and civilisation and created the consciousness of a new society free from privileges based on caste, creed or religion. They did not believe that British rule would create equality and equanimity in India.