Which of the following is NOT a constructive effect of volcanoes?

1. Landform formation
2. Tsunami
3. Geothermal energy
4. Tourism

The volcanoes that occur near Earthquake belts and tectonic plate boundaries:

1. Caldera
2. Geysers
3. Pacific ring of fire
4. Midworld mountain belt

……………… are also known as Thermal Springs.

1. Hot springs
2. Geysers
3. Volcano
4. Caldera

Assertion (A): The lava and ash deposited during an eruption breaks down to provide valuable nutrients for the soil and thus create fertile soil.

Reason (R): Agricultural fields are covered with layers of volcanic ash and dust making them unsuitable for cultivation.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.