What was the head of an Aryan family called?

What subjects were included in the Later Vedic education?

From which Veda we form an idea of the Early Vedic Civilisation?

React the following excerpt and answer the question that follows:

"The Upanishads contain two basic principles of Indian philosophy viz., karma and the transmigration of soul, i.e., rebirth based on past deeds."

(Source:https://www.nios.ac.in/media/documents/SrSec315NEW/315HistoryEng/315HistoryEng_Lesson4.pdf)

• What is the importance of the Upanishads?