Read the lines given below and answer the question that follows:

"With fertile lands in eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar and abundant iron ore in Central India, the Gupta Empire thrived economically, fostering remarkable advancements in literature, art, architecture, science, and culture."

(a) Explain how the geographical advantages contributed to the economic prosperity of the Gupta Empire.

(b) Discuss the cultural and intellectual achievements during the Gupta period, highlighting why it is called the "golden age" of Indian history.

(c) How did the stable administration of the Gupta rulers influence trade and commerce?

(a) The Gupta Empire benefited from fertile lands in eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, which supported agriculture and produced abundant crops, ensuring food security and surplus production. Additionally, Central India's abundant iron ore provided raw materials for metalwork and weaponry, boosting industries and trade. These geographic advantages created a strong economic foundation that contributed to the prosperity and growth of the Gupta Empire.

(b) The Gupta period is considered the "golden age" of Indian history due to its remarkable advancements in literature, art, architecture, science, and culture. In literature, renowned figures like Kalidasa and Varahamihira flourished. Art and sculpture reached new heights, with the Gupta style becoming a distinct and influential form. The Gupta period also saw significant progress in mathematics, with the introduction of the decimal system and the concept of zero. Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism thrived, and architectural marvels like temples were built. The era also saw the creation of lasting cultural works, making it a time of intellectual and artistic flourishing.

(c) The stable administration of the Gupta rulers provided a peaceful environment for trade and commerce to flourish. The Guptas established efficient systems of taxation, law, and order, encouraging domestic and international trade. This stability allowed merchants to travel and trade safely, and the road networks built during this time facilitated the movement of goods. The promotion of crafts and industries also spurred trade in goods like cotton, silk, spices, and metal products, boosting both internal markets and exports.