What were the reform movements among the Sikhs?

The reform movements among the Sikhs were as follows:

1. Formation of the Khalsa:

   • Under Guru Gobind Singh, Sikhs were organised into a military brotherhood called the Khalsa.
   • Its main purpose was to oppose the wrongdoings of the Mughals.

2. Leadership of Banda Singh Bahadur:

   • Succeeded Guru Gobind Singh and resisted the Mughals for eight years.
   • Strengthened Sikh military and political presence before being captured and executed in 1715.

3. Unification under Maharaja Ranjit Singh:

   • United the twelve misls (Sikh groups) to establish the Sikh kingdom in Punjab.
   • Secured sovereignty west of the Sutlej through the Treaty of Amritsar (1809) with the British.