Chemistry

State the cause of hardness in temporary & permanent hard water.

Water

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Answer

Cause of temporary hardness — presence of calcium and magnesium bicarbonates - Ca(HCO₃)₂, Mg(HCO₃)₂

Cause of permanent hardness — presence of calcium and magnesium chlorides and sulphates in water — CaCl₂, MgCl₂, CaSO₄, MgSO₄

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