(A) The social reformers launched a crusade against socio-religious evils prevalent in Indian society in the 19th century.

(R) Many newspapers and magazines in vernacular languages were launched.

1. (R) contradicts (A)
2. (R) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (R) is false
4. (A) and (R) are independent of each other.

(A) Various political associations were formed in India by the second half of the 19th century to protect and promote general public interests.

(R) The Indian National Congress was the first political association to be established in India.

1. (R) contradicts (A)
2. (R) is the reason for (A)
3. (A) is true but (R) is false
4. (A) and (R) are independent of each other.

Give two reasons for industrial stagnation during the British rule in India.

Who passed the Vernacular Press Act in 1878? Why was it passed?