History & Civics
Study the picture given here and answer the following questions:
(a) What was symbolised by the Charkha and Khadi in the National Movement?
(b) What is meant by Swadeshi? Why did Gandhiji lay emphasis on Swadeshi?
(c) State how was the concept of Swadeshi promoted during the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Mahatma Gandhi
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Answer
(a) Mahatma Gandhi saw the Charkha as a symbol of a human society that would not glorify machines and technology.
- The spinning wheel, moreover, could provide the poor with supplementary income and make them self-reliant.
- Khadi does not seek to destroy all machinery but it does regulate its use and check its weedy growth.
- It uses machinery for the service of the poorest in their own cottages.
- The wheel is itself an exquisite piece of machinery.
(b) Swadeshi means producing necessary items in one's own country and using them for one's use without being dependent on imported goods. Gandhiji believed that the use of Swadeshi goods would make us self-sufficient and eliminate our dependence on imported goods. Gandhiji emphasised manual labour and the use of the Charkha and Khadi. He popularised Swadeshi and Khadi by reviving hand spinning and hand weaving.
(c) The Non-Cooperation Movement involved Swadeshi programmes which included-
- Popularisation of Swadeshi and Khadi by reviving hand-spinning and hand-weaving.
- Establishment of national schools and colleges and private arbitration courts known as panchayats all over India.
- Development of unity between Hindus and Muslims.
- Removal of untouchability and other measures for Harijan welfare.
- Emancipation and upliftment of women.
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Related Questions
Gandhiji introduced new ideas in politics and adopted new methods to give a new direction to the political movement. In this context, answer the following questions:
(a) What was Gandhiji's doctrine of Satyagraha?
(b) Explain briefly Gandhiji's Social Ideals.
(c) Which mass struggle was launched by him on non-violent lines in 1920? Explain in brief the programmes of such a campaign.
Read the excerpt given below and answer the questions that follow:
Being conscientiously of opinion that the Bills known as the Indian Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill No. I of 1919 and the Criminal Law (Emergency Powers) Bill No. II of 1919 are unjust, subversive of the principles of liberty and justice, and destructive of the elementary right of individuals on which the safety of the community, as a whole, and the State itself is based, we solemnly affirm that in the event of these Bills becoming law and until they are withdrawn, we shall refuse civility to obey these laws and such other laws as a Committee to be hereafter appointed may think fit, and we further affirm that in this struggle we will faithfully follow truth and refrain from violence to life, person or property.
—The Bombay Chronicle, March 4, 1920
(a) What name was given to the two Indian Criminal Law Bills mentioned in the excerpt above? Why have they been described as unjust?
(b) Which movement was started in 1920 after these bills were passed in the Central Legislature? State any two objectives of this movement.
(c) What was the British government's reaction to the movement? How did the movement end?
The Simon Commission was appointed in November 1927 by the British Government. Subsequently the Civil Disobedience Movement began. In this context answer the following questions:
(a) Why was the Simon Commission appointed by the British Government? Why did the Congress boycott the Commission?
(b) The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched by Gandhiji with his famous Dandi March. Mention the significance of this historic event.
(c) Why did Gandhiji suspend Civil Disobedience Movement in 1931 and later in 1934 call it off?
In 1930 Mahatma Gandhi's demands were rejected by the British, as a result of which he launched the Civil Disobedience Movement. In this context, explain the following:
(a) Name the famous march undertaken by Gandhiji. Where did he begin this march? State two of its features.
(b) How was this Movement different from the Non-Cooperation Movement?
(c) Explain briefly how did Mahatma Gandhi try to promote Hindu-Muslim unity from the Rowlatt Satyagraha to the Third Round Table conference.