What are the causes for
(a) Temporary hardness
(b) Permanent hardness
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(a) The presence of hydrogen carbonates of calcium and magnesium makes water temporarily hard.
(b) The presence of sulphates and chlorides of magnesium and calcium makes water permanently hard.
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Hot saturated solution of sodium nitrate forms crystals, as it cools. Why?
What do you understand by:
(a) Soft water
(b) Hard water
(c) Temporary Hard water
(d) Permanent hard water.
State two ways, by which a saturated solution can be changed to unsaturated solution.
What is a soap, what is it used for?