Assertion (A): Most volcanic eruptions take place near plate margins.

Reason (R): When these plates slide past each other or collide against each other due to intense heat inside the earth's core, their edges produce faults along the lines of weakness.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

…………… is a fountain of hot water and steam that escapes when underground water comes into contact with hot volcanic rocks.

1. Caldera
2. Hot springs
3. Geysers
4. Volcano

Assertion (A): Steam is the most abundant gas that comes out of a volcano.

Reason (R): Violent eruptions, known as bombs, eject materials varying in size.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Which of the following is NOT a constructive effect of volcanoes?

1. Landform formation
2. Tsunami
3. Geothermal energy
4. Tourism