History
Write True or False against each statement:
(a) At the end of the nineteenth century, 80 per cent of the total workforce in Europe was employed in the technologically advanced industrial sector.
(b) The international market for fine textiles was dominated by India till the eighteenth century.
(c) The American Civil War resulted in the reduction of cotton exports from India.
(d) The introduction of the fly shuttle enabled handloom workers to improve their productivity.
Industrialisation
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Answer
(a) False
Corrected Statement — At the end of the nineteenth century, less than 20 per cent of the total workforce in Europe was employed in the technologically advanced industrial sector.
(b) True
(c) False
Corrected Statement — When the American Civil War broke out and cotton supplies from the US were cut off, Britain turned to India.
(d) True
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Related Questions
Look at Figs. 3, 7 and 11, then reread source B. Explain why many workers were opposed to the use of the Spinning Jenny.
Source B
A magistrate reported in 1790 about an incident when he was called in to protect a manufacturer’s property from being attacked by workers:
‘From the depredations of a lawless Banditti of colliers and their wives, for the wives had lost their work to spinning engines … they advanced at first with much insolence, avowing their intention of cutting to pieces the machine lately introduced in the woollen manufacture; which they suppose, if generally adopted, will lessen the demand for manual labour. The women became clamorous. The men were more open to conviction and after some expostulation were induced to desist from their purpose and return peaceably home.’
J.L. Hammond and B. Hammond, The Skilled Labourer 1760-1832, quoted in Maxine Berg, The Age of Manufactures.
Explain the following:
(a) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny.
(b) In the seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages.
(c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century.
(d) The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India.
Explain what is meant by proto-industrialisation.
Why did some industrialists in nineteenth-century Europe prefer hand labour over machines?