Who among the following was associated with 'Rediscovery of India's glorious past'?
- Lord Wellesely
- Sir William Jones
- Sir Mathew Hoggard
- Lord Clive
Answer
Sir William Jones
Whose education policy criticised India's culture and custom and also made English education compulsory?
- Lord Macaulay's Education Policy
- Lord Curzon's Education Policy
- Lord Lytton's Education Policy
- Lord Dufferin's Education Policy
Answer
Lord Macaulay's Education Policy
Raja Rammohan Roy formed the Brahmo Samaj in
- 1829
- 1824
- 1830
- 1828
Answer
1828
It was because of the efforts made by Raja Rammohan Roy that ............... , the Governor-General of India, passed a law in 1829 making the practice of sati illegal and punishable by law.
- Lord Dalhousie
- Lord Wellesley
- Lord William Bentinck
- Lord Canning
Answer
Lord William Bentinck
Raja Rammohan Roy was associated with the
- Samwad Kaumudi
- Jomhouri Eslami
- Bengal Gazette
- Young India
Answer
Samwad Kaumudi
In 1851, Jyotiba Phule started one of the first girl's schools in
- Nasik
- Gwalior
- Pune
- Kanpur
Answer
Pune
Lord Lytton was the Viceroy of India from
- 1885-1890
- 1877-1881
- 1876-1880
- 1882-1885
Answer
1876-1880
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee was associated with
- Gulamgiri
- Kesari
- Anand Math
- Hind Swaraj
Answer
Anand Math
The llbert Bill was introduced by the Viceroy
- Lord Ripon
- Lord Lytton
- Lord Mayo
- Lord Dufferin
Answer
Lord Ripon
Who presided over the Congress Session in 1886?
- W.C. Bonnerjee
- Dadabhai Naoroji
- K.T. Telang
- Pherozeshah Mehta
Answer
Dadabhai Naoroji
The Vernacular Press Act was repealed in 1882 by
- Lord Lytton
- Lord Ripon
- Lord Curzon
- C.P IIbert
Answer
Lord Ripon
The book 'Satyarth Prakash' was written by
- Bal Gangadhar Tilak
- Swami Dayanand Saraswati
- Lala Lajpat Rai
- Surendranath Banerjea
Answer
Swami Dayanand Saraswati
In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the correct option.
- Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Assertion (A) : A. O. Hume is considered as the father of Indian National Congress.
Reason (R) : He played a pivotal role in the establishment of Indian National Congress.
Answer
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
Explanation — Allan Octavian Hume (AO Hume) played an important role in the foundation of the Indian National Congress. That is why he is considered as the 'Father of the Indian National Congress'.
Identify the objectives of the Indian National Congress as declared by the founding president.
P : To train and organise the public opinion.
Q : To formulate popular demands and place them before the Government.
R : To attain Swaraj or self-rule.
S : To gain complete independence or poorna swaraj.
- P and Q
- Q and R
- P and S
- P and R
Answer
P and Q
Read the two statements given below about the factors promoting the growth of nationalism. Select the option that shows the correct relationship between (A) and (B).
(A) Goods manufactured in England were dumped into India.
(B) The economic system of India was adjusted to the needs of England.
- (B) contradicts (A)
- (B) is the reason for (A)
- (A) is true but (B) is false
- (A) and (B) are independent of each other
Answer
(B) is the reason for (A)
What was the immediate impact of the given incident?
- Foundation of Indian Home Rule
- Foundation of Indian National Congress
- Foundation of INA
- Rowlatt Act Satyagraha
Answer
Foundation of Indian National Congress
Which two causes led to political unity of India under the British?
Answer
Two causes that led to political unity of India under the British are:
- British imperialism
- Foundation of the Indian National Congress
In what way did the means of transport and communication contribute to the growth of nationalism?
Answer
The improvements in the means of transport and communication quickened the pace of free movement in the country. The English built roads and railways and set up post and telegraph offices in India. The leaders used these means to carry the message of the national movement to all parts of the country. These means enabled the leaders and the people to meet together, to discuss their problems and chalk out plans for the uprooting of the British Rule and for the liberation of their country.
Why did the British introduce western education in India?
Answer
The British rulers imparted western education in arts and sciences through the medium of English to serve their own administrative and imperial ends. They wanted petty clerks to run the administration. Through western education they wanted to propagate the western culture and to win the loyalty of educated Indians.
How did western thought and education help in the promotion of nationalism?
Answer
With the spread of western education and thought, the Indians came into contact with the west and imbibed a modern, rational, secular, democratic and national outlook. The American Revolution, the French Revolution and other revolutions in Europe inspired the Indians with the ideals/watchwords of liberty, equality and fraternity. They acquired the ideals watchwords of democracy, freedom and nationalism from the writings of western thinkers.
How did the introduction of English as the medium of instruction help the Indians?
Answer
The uniform system of education through the English language throughout India produced the unity of thought, ideas and feelings. English served as a link language among Indians from different regions and linguistic backgrounds. It exposed Indians to Western political, social, and economic thought, including concepts like liberty, equality, democracy, and nationalism, which inspired Indians to question British rule and aspire for self-government.
Name any two newspapers which aroused the feelings of nationalism among the Indians in the nineteenth century.
Answer
Two newspapers which aroused the feelings of nationalism among the Indians in the nineteenth century are Amrit Bazar Patrika, and The Hindu.
Mention any two factors that helped in the growth of nationalism in India.
Answer
Two factors that helped in the growth of nationalism in India are:
- British policy of economic exploitation.
- Repressive colonial policies
Who wrote the famous novel Ananda Math?
Answer
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee wrote the famous novel Ananda Math.
What effect did the rediscovery of India's past leave on the people?
Answer
Knowing about the greatness and glory of ancient India through the works of Indian and foreign scholars, the feelings of self-respect, self-confidence, patriotism and nationalism were roused among the people.
Name any two western scholars who conducted researches on India's glorious past.
Answer
Two western scholars who conducted researches on India's glorious past are Sir William Jones, and Max Mueller.
Name the Indian reformer who is regarded as "Father of Indian Nationalism."
Answer
Raja Rammohan Roy is regarded as "Father of Indian Nationalism."
Name any two social and religious reformers who promoted the cause of Indian nationalism.
Answer
Two social and religious reformers who promoted the cause of Indian nationalism are Raja Rammohan Roy and Swami Dayanand.
Give two proofs to show that the British followed the policy of economic exploitation.
Answer
The economic system of India was adjusted to the needs of the people of England. Two proofs to show that the British followed the policy of economic exploitation are:
- India was made a supplier of raw materials to British industries and a market for their goods, which ruined Indian handicrafts and industries.
- The British drained India's wealth by imposing heavy taxes and using Indian revenue for their own administrative and military purposes.
Name two classes of people who exploited the peasants.
Answer
The peasants were oppressed by the landlords and the money lenders.
How did the British contribute to the ruination of cottage industries in India?
Answer
The British dumped cheap, machine-made goods from England into the Indian market. As a result, Indian handicrafts and cottage industries suffered, and thousands of artisans and handicraftsmen were deprived of their livelihood.
When and by whom was the East India Association formed?
Answer
Dadabhai Naoroji, 'The Grand Old Man of India', laid the foundation of East India Association in London in 1866.
Why was the East India Association founded?
Answer
Dadabhai Naoroji was of the opinion that the British nation was just and good. He wanted to place the true state of affairs in India before the people of England so that the grievances of the Indians may be removed.
Who is regarded as the founder of the Indian National Congress?
Answer
Allan Octavian Hume (AO Hume) is regarded as the founder of the Indian National Congress.
Name any two aims of the Indian National Congress. When was it founded?
Answer
Indian National Congress was found on December 28, 1885. Two aims of INC are given below:
- To develop and consolidate the feelings of national unity irrespective of religious beliefs, colour or creed.
- To formulate popular demands and place them before the government.
Why did Lord Dufferin, the then Viceroy, favour the foundation of the Indian National Congress?
Answer
The then Viceroy, Lord Dufferin, favoured the foundation of the Congress because he wanted it to act as a safety valve for popular discontentment to safeguard the British Rule and its interests in India.
When and by whom was the Bengali weekly Samvad Kaumudi Started?
Answer
Raja Rammohan Roy started a Bengali weekly called the Samvad Kaumudi in 1821.
Mention any two social reforms favoured by Jyotiba Phule.
Answer
Two social reforms favoured by Jyotiba Phule were the upliftment of the depressed classes and promotion of women's education.
When and by whom was Satya Shodhak Samaj founded? What did it endeavour to?
Answer
Jyotiba Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873 to mitigate the distress and sufferings of dalits and women. The Samaj opposed idolatry and denounced the caste system, campaigned for spread of rational thinking and rejected the need for priests.
In whose viceroyalty did the IIbert bill controversy take place? What was the objective of the bill? Why was it not passed?
Answer
The Ilbert bill controversy took place under the viceroyalty of Lord Ripon. This bill challenged the racial superiority of Europeans in India by proposing to provide for the trial of British or European persons by Indians. By this Act, the British tried to introduce equality between British and Indian judges in India.
Ilbert bill was resented by the British and they started a Defence Association to defend their special privileges. So, the government ultimately withdrew the Bill.
Describe any three ways in which the Reform movement of the 19th century aroused nationalist ideas.
Answer
The Reform Movements of the 19th century played a significant role in arousing nationalist ideas in India. Here are three key ways in which they contributed:
- Challenging Social Evils — The reform movements attacked social evils like caste discrimination, sati, and child marriage, and promoted equality, women's rights, and education. This instilled a sense of collective identity.
- Promoting Education and Rational Thought — The reformers advocated for the spread of education and the adoption of rational and scientific approaches to life. They were influenced by Western liberal thought — ideas of freedom, equality and democracy. This laid the ideological foundation for the freedom movement.
- Revival of National Pride in Indian Culture and Heritage — Many reformers worked to reform Indian society while reviving pride in India's rich and spiritual and cultural traditions, and the glory of ancient India. It scholars roused the feelings of self-respect, self-confidence, patriotism and nationalism among the people.
Many factors promoted the growth of nationalism in India. Describe briefly how this happened with reference to the following
(a) Effects of the Great Uprising of 1857.
(b) British imperialism.
(c) Western thought and education
Answer
(a) The Indians revolted against the tyrannical British Rule in India and their policy of political expansion and economic exploitation in 1857. After the revolt was crushed ruthlessly, the British began to suspect the Indians and doubt their loyalty and integrity. On the other hand, the revolt created discontent and dissatisfaction among the Indians and they began to the English rule in India. It gave birth to a new political consciousness and strengthened the sentiment of nationalism. There was a general national awakening which gave rise to the National Movement.
(b) It was during the British Role that the entire country was brought under one government and this gave her people a new sense of political unity. The English established a strong central government and introduced a uniform system of law and administration in the country. Setting up of industries and trade brought about economic unification. People from different parts of the country and various political leaders began to meet and communicate with each other. This national sentiment unified the Indians and integrated them as one nation. The anti-imperialistic feelings led to the rise of national outlook and encouraged the people of India to uproot the British imperialism from India.
(c) The British rulers imparted western education in arts and sciences through the medium of English to serve their own administrative and imperial ends. They wanted petty clerks to run the administration. Through western education they wanted to propagate the western culture and to win the loyalty of educated Indians. However, with the spread of western education and thought, the Indians came into contact with the west and imbibed a modern, rational, secular, democratic and national outlook. The American Revolution, the French Revolution and other revolutions in Europe inspired the Indians with the ideals/watchwords of liberty, equality and fraternity. They acquired the ideals watchwords of democracy, freedom and nationalism from the writings of western thinkers. English language served as a medium for the propagation of modern ideas. The uniform system of education through the English language throughout India produced the unity of thought, ideas and feelings.
Many causes were responsible for the rise and growth of the National Movement. In this context, explain the following:
(a) Contribution of Indian press and literature.
(b) Rediscovery of India's glorious past.
(c) Contribution of religious and social reformers.
Answer
(a) The Indian press and literature aroused the feelings of patriotism national consciousness.
- Many newspapers were published in different parts of the country such as the Amrit Bazar Patrika, The Hindu, the Patriot, the Maratha, the Kesari, the Azad, the Indian Mirror, The Tribune, the Advocate, the Kohinoor, etc. They criticised the unjust policies of the government and infused political ideas and patriotic sentiments, and roused political consciousness among the people.
- Tilak's weeklies Kesari and Mahratta instilled pride among Indian for their country.
- The writings of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Rabindranath Tagore, Vishnu Shastri, Bharatendu Harishchandra, Din Bandhu Mitra, etc. stirred the hearts of the Indian masses and brought about a revolution in their minds and prepared them to make any sacrifice for the sake of their motherland.
- B.C. Chatterjee's Bengali novel Anand Math became the Bible of modern Bengali patriotism. It contained the national song "Bande Matram" which greatly inspired the people.
(b) Many foreign scholars conducted many studies on Indian history. They were greatly impressed by the political, social and cultural advancement of India in the past. They praised the rich cultural heritage of India to the utmost. Indian writers such as R.G. Bhandarkar, M.G. Ranade, Hara Prashad Shastri, etc. threw light on the greatness and glory of ancient India. The works of these scholars roused the feelings of self-respect, self-confidence, patriotism and nationalism among the people.
(c) Social and religious reformers like Raja Rammohan Roy, Swami Dayanand (author of Satyartha Prakash), Jyotiba Phule, Swami Vivekananda, Annie Besant, etc. carried out many reforms in the 19th century which paved the way for the national movement. They inspired the people with the ideas of self-respect, self-confidence and self-reliance and roused in them the feelings of patriotism and nationalism. Some of the important reforms are given below:
Raja Rammohan Roy
- Founded by Raja Rammohan Roy in 1828, the Brahmo Samaj was a catalyst for social and political reform, sparking a new awakening in India.
- Due to his efforts, the practice of Sati was made illegal and punishable by law in 1829.
- He started a Bengali weekly Samvad Kaumudi and Persian paper Mirat-ul-Akbar, with distinct nationalist and progressive characters.
Jyotiba Phule
- Phule opened many schools for the upliftment of the down trodden people, and the first Girls Schools at Pune in 1851.
- He founded the Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873 to mitigate the distress and sufferings of dalits and women. The Samaj opposed idolatry and denounced the caste system, campaigned for spread of rational thinking and rejected the need for priests.
How far did each of the following lead to the rise and growth of nationalism in India?
(a) Policy of economic exploitation of the Britishers.
(b) Repressive policy of Lord Lytton.
Answer
(a) The British policy of economic exploitation played a major role in the rise and growth of nationalism in India.
- Drain of Wealth: British economic policies led to a massive transfer of India’s wealth to Britain without any returns. Thinkers like Dadabhai Naoroji exposed this through the "Drain Theory", which deeply hurt Indian sentiments.
- Destruction of Indian Handicrafts: British goods were dumped in India, leading to the collapse of traditional Indian industries and massive unemployment. Indian artisans and craftsmen were worst affected.
- Land Revenue Policies: Heavy and unjust land taxes under systems like Zamindari and Ryotwari pushed farmers into debt and poverty. Famines worsened due to lack of state support.
- Neglect of Indian Welfare: The British focused on developing infrastructure like railways and telegraphs only to serve their economic interests (moving troops and raw materials), not for public benefit.
- Rise of Economic Nationalism: Exposure to this exploitation created a new class of educated Indians who began questioning British rule. Leaders like Naoroji, R.C. Dutt, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale fueled nationalist thought by analyzing and criticizing British policies.
Thus, the economic hardships caused by British rule made people empathise with each other and unified them. The sense of injustice and exploitation united Indians across regions and classes, laying the foundation for a strong nationalist movement.
(b) Lord Lytton acted as a catalyst for the growth of nationalist movement in India. Some of his repressive policies are given below:
- He organised the Grand Delhi Durbar in 1877 to proclaim Queen Victoria as the Empress of India. Millions in south India were affected by a terrible famine but no help was provided to them.
- Lord Lytton introduced the Vernacular Press Act (1878). It forbade vernacular papers from publishing any material that might excite feelings of dissatisfaction against the British government.
- Lord Lytton introduced the Indian Arms Act (1878). This Act made it a criminal offence for Indians to carry arms without licence.
- The maximum age limit for the Indian Civil Service Examination was gradually reduced from 23 to 19 years to ruin the prospects of Indian candidates for the Indian Civil Service.
- The import duties on British textiles were removed. It proved harmful for the Indian industry.
This made it clear to the Indians that the Britishers could never treat the Indians and their own the same. They only cared about the benefits and interests of the European community.
The foundation of the Indian National Congress was an event of great importance on the political horizon of India. In this context, answer the following:
(a) When was the Indian National Congress founded?
(b) Who is regarded as the founder of this institution?
(c) Name the first President of the Indian National Congress.
(d) Aims of the Indian National Congress.
Answer
(a) Indian National Congress was found on December 28, 1885.
(b) Allan Octavian Hume (AO Hume) is considered as the 'Father of the Indian National Congress'.
(c) W C Bonnerjee was the first President of the Indian National Congress.
(d) The aims of the Indian National Congress are given below:
- To promote friendly relations between nationalist political workers from different parts of the country.
- To develop and consolidate the feelings of national unity irrespective of religious beliefs, colour or creed.
- To formulate popular demands and place them before the government.
- To train and organise the public opinion of the country.
With reference to the picture given here, answer the following questions.
(a) Identify and name the person.
(b) Mention his contribution to upliftment of lower castes and women.
(c) Mention the aims and activities of Satyashodhak Samaj.
Answer
(a) The person shown in the given picture is Jyotiba Phule.
(b) His contributions to upliftment of lower castes and women are given below:
- Phule opened many schools for the upliftment of the down trodden people, and the first Girls Schools at Pune in 1851.
- He set up an orphanage to provide shelter to poor widows and their children.
- He founded the Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873.
(c) The Satyashodhak Samaj was founded by Jyotiba Phule in 1873 to mitigate the distress and sufferings of dalits and women. The Samaj opposed idolatry and denounced the caste system, campaigned for spread of rational thinking and rejected the need for priests.