The Non-Aligned Movement

Which Indian leader was one of the chief architects of NAM?

1. Sardar Patel
2. Rajendra Prasad
3. J.L. Nehru
4. Annie Basant

Answer

J.L. Nehru

Which of the following was not one of the chief architects of NAM?

1. President Sukarno
2. Marshall Tito
3. G.A. Nasser
4. Winston Churchill

Answer

Winston Churchill

The first summit of NAM was held at

1. Bandung
2. Belgrade
3. Delhi
4. Tokyo

Answer

Belgrade

Which of the following is not one of the principles of Panchsheel?

1. Non-aggression
2. Equality and mutual benefit
3. Peaceful coexistence
4. To form a military alliance to safeguard territories

Answer

To form a military alliance to safeguard territories

Where was the second summit of NAM held

1. Delhi
2. Belgrade
3. Cairo
4. Tokyo

Answer

Cairo

Which of the following is not one of the objectives of NAM?

1. Peaceful co-existence
2. Against power-blocs
3. Against colonialism
4. Supporting capitalist bloc led by USA

Answer

Supporting capitalist bloc led by USA

Who was the chairman of the First Summit of NAM?

1. Jawaharlal Nehru
2. Marshal Tito
3. K. Kaunda
4. G.A. Nasser

Answer

Marshal Tito

Who was not one of the main architects of NAM?

1. J.L. Nehru
2. F.D. Roosevelt
3. Marshal Tito
4. G.A. Nasser

Answer

F.D. Roosevelt

Which of the following foreign policy principles was adopted by NAM?

1. Panchsheel
2. Panchkirti
3. Panchniyam
4. Panchnama

Answer

Panchsheel

How many countries attended the First Summit of NAM?

1. 25
2. 52
3. 50
4. 120

Answer

25

What is the meaning of NAM or the Non-Aligned Movement?

Answer

NAM or the Non-Aligned Movement means non-alignment with the great power blocs of the world.

Name any two factors which led to the establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement.

Answer

Two factors which led to the establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement are:

1. Military alliances and the division of the world into two power blocs
2. The race for armaments

What do you understand by 'Panchsheel'? State any two principles of 'Panchsheel' (five principles of mutual coexistence).

Answer

"Panchsheel" also known as the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, is a set of principles that were formulated in the 1950s as the basis for peaceful relations between nations. The term "Panchsheel" comes from the Sanskrit words panch, meaning five, and sheel, meaning virtues or principles.

Two principles of 'Panchsheel' are:

1. Mutual Respect for Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity
2. Mutual non-aggression.

When and in which country was the Bandung Conference held?

Answer

The Bandung Conference was held in Indonesia in the year 1955.

When and in which country was the Belgrade Conference held?

Answer

The Belgrade Conference was held in Yugoslavia in September 1961.

Who represented India at the Belgrade Conference?

Answer

India was represented by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru at the Belgrade Conference.

In which two ways was Jawaharlal Nehru instrumental in laying the foundation of the Non-Aligned Movement?

Answer

Jawaharlal Nehru was instrumental in laying the foundation of the Non-Aligned Movement in the following two ways:

1. He urged the newly independent countries to maintain their unity and separate identity.
2. Jawaharlal Nehru played an important role in the Bandung Conference of 1955. It was decided that the newly independent countries should keep themselves aloof from international complications and try to settle their disputes by following the five principles of mutual co-existence or "Panchsheel".

Where was the first summit of the NAM held?

Answer

The first summit of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was held in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, in September 1961.

Name any two objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement.

Answer

Two objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement are:

1. The new independent states should avoid alignment to preserve their independence because they are militarily weak.
2. Colonialism and imperialism have encouraged the spirit of exploitation, so every attempt is made by the non-aligned countries to end colonialism and imperialism.

Name the place where two summits of the NAM have been held up till now.

Answer

The place where two summits of the NAM have been held up till now is Belgrade, Yugoslavia.

Name any two countries of the NAM from Asia.

Answer

Two countries from Asia that are members of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) are:

1. India
2. Indonesia

Name any two countries of the NAM from Africa.

Answer

Two countries from Africa that are members of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) are:

1. Egypt
2. Algeria

With reference to the Non-Aligned Movement explain the following:

(a) Meaning of the Non-Aligned Movement.

(b) Major objectives of the NAM.

Answer

(a) The strategy of the new independent states of Asia, Africa and South America to keep themselves away from the power blocs in order to protect their independence is known as Non-Alignment.

(b) The main objectives of the NAM are given below:

1. The new independent states should avoid alignment to preserve their independence because they are militarily weak.
2. The newly emerged states do not like to be involved in foreign wars in which they have no interest.
3. Colonialism and imperialism have encouraged the spirit of exploitation, so every attempt is made by the non-aligned countries to end colonialism and imperialism.
4. The Non-Aligned countries keep themselves away from power blocs so that they may do something to defuse the tense atmosphere and if there is any war they may act as mediators and prevent war and bring peace in the world.
5. The NAM is against the spirit of warfares. It has full faith in co-operation and peaceful co-existence.
6. The Non-Aligned countries have firm faith in the principle of equality. They condemn racial discrimination as negation of humanity.
7. The Non-Aligned countries want to establish economic relations between the nations based on equality because they are essential for economic and social reconstruction at home.
8. The NAM is against the manufacture of dangerous weapons because they poison the whole atmosphere.
9. The Non-Aligned countries have full respect for human rights because they are necessary for the development of the individuals.

With reference to the Bandung Conference, explain the following :

(a) When was this Conference held?

(b) Name the Five Principles of Mutual Coexistence adopted in this Conference.

(c) By which popular name they are generally called?

Answer

(a) The Bandung Conference was held in Indonesia in 1955.

(b) The five principles of peaceful coexistence or Panchsheel adopted in this Conference are:

1. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty
2. Non-aggression
3. Non-interference in each other's internal affairs
4. Equality and mutual benefit
5. Peaceful co-existence

(c) These principles are generally known as "Panchsheel".

With reference to the role of Jawaharlal Nehru in the foundation of NAM, explain the following:

(a) His role in urging the newly independent countries to maintain their unity and separate identity.

(b) His role in the first two Summits of the NAM.

Answer

(a) Nehru's thoughts and ideas, prompted the newly independent countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America to remain united and maintain their separate identity. According to him, this could only be done if they form some sort of a common institution which would give them strength, keep their separate identity secure, enable them to help each other and help them to maintain peace and order in the world.

(b) The First NAM Summit was held in Belgrade in 1961 with 25 countries. Jawaharlal Nehru played a key role in shaping its composition, policies, and objectives.

By the Second Summit in Cairo (1964), the number of members had increased to 47. The conference addressed issues faced by newly independent nations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Nehru’s efforts helped NAM grow into a significant force in global politics.

With reference to the different summits of the NAM, answer the following :

(a) In what way have the NAM objectives changed over the years?

(b) Do you think Non-Alignment is necessary today? Give reasons for your answer.

Answer

(a) Today, NAM stands for a broader objective of international peace as well as independence of foreign policy of each sovereign State.

1. NAM continues to be an effective forum for seeking economic justice.
2. Many small and weak countries are unable to preserve their sovereignty in economic field because of the interference of international financial institutions like the World Bank, IMF and WTO which try to impose their decisions on them. NAM can come forward and counteract these moves.
3. The USA has emerged as the sole super power in the world. It is here that NAM could utilise its vast experience gained over the years to prevent the US domination.
4. NAM still continues to be positive, dynamic and constructive movement aimed at achieving universal peace, disarmament and development.

(b) Yes, Non-Alignment is still necessary today, because:

1. Many countries still seek to maintain independence in foreign policy without being dominated by major powers.
2. It provides a platform for developing countries to voice their concerns on global issues.
3. In a world of shifting power blocs and rising tensions, NAM promotes dialogue, peace, and cooperation instead of conflict.
4. It helps unite nations around common goals like sustainable development and global equity.

With reference to the given picture, answer the following questions :

(a) Name the organisation founded by these leaders.

(b) Identify and name the leaders in the picture.

(c) Mention any three objectives of the organisation.

Answer

(a) The organisation found by these leaders is the Non-Aligned Movement.

(b) The leaders in the given picture are — Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru of India, President Sukarno of Indonesia, President Nasser of Egypt and Marshall Tito of Yugoslavia.

(c) Three objectives of NAM are given below:

1. The new independent states should avoid alignment to preserve their independence because they are militarily weak.
2. Colonialism and imperialism have encouraged the spirit of exploitation, so every attempt is made by the non-aligned countries to end colonialism and imperialism.
3. The NAM is against the spirit of warfares. It has full faith in co-operation and peaceful co-existence.