Climate

Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra is one of the wettest places in India due to its location on a

1. high altitude
2. windward slope
3. Tropical Zone
4. leeward slope.

Answer

windward slope

Reason — Mahabaleshwar is situated on the windward slope of the Western Ghats. The moisture-laden South-West Monsoon winds are forced to rise over the hills, cool down, and condense, causing heavy rainfall.

Assertion (A): India has a tropical monsoon type of climate.

Reason (R): Its climate is influenced by the monsoon winds which are largely confined to the Tropics.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation — India has a tropical monsoon type of climate because India lies in the tropical belt and its climate is influenced by the monsoon winds which are largely confined to the Tropics.

The Western Ghats receive more rainfall from the South West monsoon than the Eastern Ghats because

1. it lies in the way of South West Monsoon winds.
2. it lies in the rain-shadow area of the Himalayas.
3. it lies in the rain-shadow area of the Eastern Ghats.
4. it is triangular in shape.

Answer

it lies in the way of South West Monsoon winds.

Reason — The Western Ghats lie across the path of the moisture-laden South-West Monsoon winds from the Arabian Sea. These winds are forced to rise, cool and condense, causing heavy rainfall on the windward side. The Eastern Ghats lie parallel to these winds and therefore receive much less rainfall.

What causes the winter rain along the Coromandel Coast?

1. Sea breeze
2. Retreating monsoon
3. South-west monsoon
4. Western disturbances

Answer

Retreating monsoon

Reason — During October–November the retreating (North-East) monsoon winds pick up moisture while blowing over the Bay of Bengal and shed it on the Coromandel Coast, giving this coast its winter rainfall.

Assertion (A): The Himalayas form a climatic barrier separating the Indian subcontinent from the rest of Asia.

Reason (R): They are high mountain ranges with some of the world's highest peaks.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation — The Himalayas, due to their great height, act as a climatic barrier preventing cold winds from Central Asia, thus influencing the climate of the Indian subcontinent.

Which of the following is NOT a source of rainfall for Punjab and Haryana?

1. Western disturbances
2. Arabian Sea branch of South-west monsoon
3. Bay of Bengal branch of South-west monsoon
4. Retreating monsoon.

Answer

Retreating monsoon

Reason — Punjab and Haryana receive rainfall from Western Disturbances, the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal branches of the South-West Monsoon. The Retreating Monsoon mainly brings rainfall to the Coromandel Coast (Tamil Nadu) and does not contribute to rainfall in these states.

"IMD weather update: Heavy rainfall forecast for South India (due to cyclone Shakti from the Arabian Sea); Monsoon withdrawal in north-western states" — Headline in the Times of India

(i) In which month was this published?

1. January
2. June
3. October
4. December

(ii) Shakti is ............... .

1. Tropical cyclone
2. Temperate cyclone
3. Anti-cyclone
4. Super-cyclone

Answer

(i) October

(ii) Tropical cyclone

Explanation — The withdrawal of the monsoon from the north-western states begins in October, during the season of the retreating monsoon. In this season, cyclonic depressions develop over the warm tropical waters of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal and bring heavy rainfall to South India. A cyclone forming over the tropical waters of the Arabian Sea is therefore a tropical cyclone.

Which of the following factors does not affect the climate of a place?

1. Varied relief
2. The Monsoon Winds
3. Distance from the Sea
4. Urbanisation

Answer

Urbanisation

Reason — The major geographical factors affecting the climate of a place include latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, varied relief, monsoon winds, and pressure systems. Urbanisation is not considered a primary geographical factor controlling climate in this context.

Assertion (A): The Western Ghats get heavy rainfall on the western side.

Reason (R): The Western Ghats are parallel to the monsoon winds.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

A is true but R is false.

Explanation — The Western Ghats lie across the moisture-laden South-West Monsoon winds. The winds rise, cool and cause heavy rainfall on the western side. Hence, A is true but R is false.

Western disturbances influence the climatic conditions in northern India during which season?

1. Summer
2. Winter
3. Spring
4. Monsoon

Answer

Winter

Reason — Western Disturbances are temperate cyclones that originate near the Mediterranean Sea and reach northern India during the winter season. They bring winter rainfall to the northern plains and snowfall in the Himalayas.

The summer monsoon winds blow in which direction?

1. North-East
2. South-West
3. North-West
4. South-East

Answer

South-West

Reason — During summer, low pressure over north-western India draws in moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean. After crossing the Equator, they are deflected to the right by the Coriolis force and blow from the south-west, forming the South-West Monsoon.

The Arabian Sea Branch of the monsoon winds splits in three. Which of the following is incorrect?

1. Western Ghats and Western Coastal Plains.
2. Saurashtra Peninsula and Kutch.
3. Coast north of Mumbai and the Narmada and Tapi Valleys.
4. Coromandel coast and Odisha.

Answer

Coromandel coast and Odisha.

Reason — The Arabian Sea branch of the South-West Monsoon splits into three: one branch is obstructed by the Western Ghats and the Western Coastal Plains, the second strikes the coast north of Mumbai and moves along the Narmada and Tapi valleys, and the third strikes the Saurashtra Peninsula and Kutch. The Coromandel Coast and Odisha lie on the eastern side of the country and are not watered by the Arabian Sea branch.

Mahendra was happy that the rains came on time and he could plant his paddy without depending on irrigation. But after a few wet days there was no rain for more than two weeks. What is this period called?

1. Burst of monsoon
2. Break of monsoon
3. Delayed monsoon
4. El Nino

Answer

Break of monsoon

Reason — When the South-West Monsoon fails to bring rainfall for two or more weeks and there is a dry spell within the rainy season, it is called the break of the monsoon.

Which of the following is good for the cultivation of tea and jute?

1. Mango showers
2. Loo
3. Kalbaisakhi
4. None of the above.

Answer

Kalbaisakhi

Reason — Kalbaisakhis are thunderstorms accompanied by strong winds and heavy rainfall that occur over West Bengal and Assam during the hot weather season. The rainfall they bring is beneficial for growing jute and rice in West Bengal and tea in Assam.

Where does the Arabian Sea branch join the Bay of Bengal branch?

1. In Punjab and Haryana
2. In Western Ghats
3. In Chota Nagpur Plateau
4. In the Sahyadris.

Answer

In Punjab and Haryana

Reason — After watering the western parts of the country, the Arabian Sea branch of the South-West Monsoon joins the Bay of Bengal branch in Punjab and Haryana, and together these two branches cause rainfall in the western Himalayas.

What causes the 'October Heat'?

1. High temperature and heavy rainfall.
2. Reduced temperature and heavy rainfall.
3. High temperature and humidity.
4. Reduced temperature and humidity.

Answer

High temperature and humidity

Reason — During the retreat of the monsoon, clear skies increase daytime temperatures while moisture left behind by the rains keeps the humidity high. This combination of high temperature and high humidity causes the October Heat.

Assertion (A): Patna sees a maximum of 48° C in May which drops to 31° C in July.

Reason (R): The rains bring down the temperature.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation — Patna experiences very high temperatures in May, but the onset of the South-West Monsoon in June–July brings rainfall that cools the air, causing the temperature to fall significantly.

Why do the interior parts of the Deccan remain dry during the Retreating monsoon?

1. Because they lie in the rain-shadow of the Eastern Ghats.
2. Because they lie parallel to the Eastern Ghats.
3. Because they lie in the rain-shadow of the Western Ghats.
4. Because they lie parallel to the Arabian Sea Branch.

Answer

Because they lie in the rain-shadow of the Eastern Ghats.

Reason — During the Retreating Monsoon, the Eastern Ghats intercept the moisture-laden winds, causing rainfall on their eastern slopes. The interior parts of the Deccan lie in the rain-shadow of the Eastern Ghats and therefore receive very little rainfall.

The climate of India is strongly influenced by ............... .

1. Trade winds
2. Loo
3. Easterly winds
4. Monsoon winds

Answer

Monsoon winds

Reason — India has a tropical monsoon climate, and its seasons and rainfall are mainly controlled by the seasonal reversal of the monsoon winds. These winds bring most of the country's annual rainfall.

Which of the following factors cause the rise in the temperature of mainland of India in the month of March?

1. The land breeze blows towards the sea
2. The pressure belts shift.
3. Southward migration of the Sun from the equator.
4. Northward migration of the Sun from the equator.

Answer

Northward migration of the Sun from the equator.

Reason — In March, the Sun's apparent movement northward from the Equator increases the intensity and duration of solar heating over India. As a result, temperatures across the mainland begin to rise.

Assertion (A): A large part of the Bay of Bengal Branch of the South West Monsoon is deflected towards the Indian Subcontinent.

Reason (R): The presence of the Arakan Hills along the coast of Myanmar.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation — The Arakan Hills along the Myanmar coast block the Bay of Bengal branch of the South-West Monsoon, causing it to be deflected towards the Indian subcontinent, where it brings heavy rainfall.

Which state in India is the first to experience the onset of the monsoon and the last to see its withdrawal?

1. Tamil Nadu
2. Kerala
3. West Bengal
4. Goa

Answer

Kerala

Reason — Kerala, situated at the southern tip of the west coast, is the first state to receive the South-West Monsoon (around 1st June) and is also the last state from which the monsoon withdraws. Hence Kerala is the first to experience the onset and the last to see the withdrawal of the monsoon.

Which of the following areas get rainfall from the Retreating monsoon?

1. West Coast of India
2. East Coast of India
3. Western Ghats
4. Thar desert

Answer

East Coast of India

Reason — During the Retreating Monsoon, cyclonic depressions over the Bay of Bengal bring rainfall to the East Coast of India, especially the Coromandel Coast of Tamil Nadu. The west coast and Thar Desert receive little or no rainfall during this season.

"The southwest (summer) monsoon hit Kerala on Saturday, eight days ahead of its normal onset date, marking the beginning of the four-month long rainy season in India." — Times of India

(i) In which month was this published?

1. April
2. May
3. October
4. December

(ii) What is the technical term for "monsoon hit Kerala"?

1. South West Monsoon
2. Burst of Monsoon
3. Break of Monsoon
4. Monsoon Landfall

Answer

(i) May

(ii) Burst of Monsoon

Explanation — The South-West Monsoon normally reaches Kerala around 1st June. As the report mentions the monsoon arriving eight days ahead of its normal onset date, it would have been published towards the end of May. The sudden, violent onset of the monsoon rains over Kerala is technically termed the Burst of the Monsoon.

Name the type of climate prevailing over India. Mention any two factors responsible for it.

Answer

India has a tropical monsoon type of climate. Two factors responsible for this type of climate are-

1. The Himalayas
2. Varied Relief

State two important characteristic features of the Monsoon rainfall in India.

Answer

Two important characteristic features of the Monsoon rainfall in India are-

1. Reversal of wind system.
2. Uneven distribution of rainfall over the year.

Give a geographical reason for each of the following:

(i) Heatwaves in the end of April are experienced in the northern plains.

(ii) Tropical cyclones are common in the Bay of Bengal as compared to the Arabian Sea.

(iii) The Indo-Gangetic Plain gets some rainfall in the months of December and January.

Answer

(i) The Northern Plains experience heatwaves at the end of April because the Sun moves northward, increasing insolation. The dry continental conditions and the hot, dry 'Loo' winds further raise the temperature.

(ii) Tropical cyclones are more common in the Bay of Bengal than in the Arabian Sea because the Bay of Bengal has higher sea surface temperatures and receives more moisture from several large rivers, providing favourable conditions for cyclone formation.

(iii) The Indo-Gangetic Plain receives some rainfall in December and January due to Western Disturbances, which originate near the Mediterranean Sea and bring winter rainfall to northern India.

(i) What is 'Monsoon'?

(ii) Name the place in India which receives the heaviest rainfall.

Answer

(i) Monsoon are periodic or seasonal reversing winds. They are divided into two wind systems — the Summer Monsoon that blow south-west and the Winter Monsoon that blow north-east.

(ii) Cherrapunji and Mawsynram in Meghalaya receive the heaviest rainfall.

Mention the different sources of rain in Punjab and Tamil Nadu during the winter season.

Answer

During the winter season, Punjab receives rainfall from temperate cyclones that originate from the Mediterranean Sea. Tamil Nadu receives rainfall from the north east monsoon winds that blow over the Bay of Bengal and bring winter rainfall to the state.

What is meant by 'rain-shadow area'? Give an example and state the mountains which are responsible for the rain-shadow area.

Answer

A rain-shadow area is the dry region on the leeward side of a mountain, where very little rainfall is received because the moisture-bearing winds lose most of their moisture on the windward side.

Example: The Deccan Plateau is a rain-shadow area.

Mountain responsible: The Western Ghats. The Arabian Sea branch of the South-West Monsoon sheds most of its moisture on the western slopes of the Western Ghats, leaving very little rainfall on the eastern (leeward) side. Thus, Mahabaleshwar receives heavy rainfall, while Pune, on the leeward side, receives much less rainfall.

Study the climatic data given below and answer the questions that follow:

(i) Calculate the annual rainfall experienced by the station.

(ii) What can you conclude about the climate of this station — is it maritime or continental? How did you come to this conclusion?

(iii) Name the season during which rainfall is the heaviest. Name a probable station satisfying this criteria.

Answer

(i) The annual rainfall experienced by the station is 114.3 cm.

(ii) The station experiences Maritime climate. This is because this station experiences moderate climate with not extreme temperature variations between summer and winter.

(iii) The season during which rainfall is the heaviest is retreating monsoon. A probable station that satisfies this criteria is Chennai in Tamil Nadu.

Give a geographical reason for each of the following:

(i) Western Rajasthan receives no rain from the Arabian Sea branch of the South-West Monsoon winds.

(ii) Mangalore is not cold even in the month of December.

(iii) Even in summer Shimla is cooler than Delhi.

Answer

(i) Western Rajasthan receives no rain from the Arabian Sea branch of the South-West Monsoon because the Aravalli Hills run parallel to the monsoon winds. As the winds are not forced to rise, they do not cause rainfall.

(ii) Mangalore is not cold even in December because it is a coastal city. The moderating influence of the Arabian Sea keeps its temperature equable throughout the year.

(iii) Shimla is cooler than Delhi in summer because it is situated at a higher altitude, and temperature decreases with increasing height.

State two points of difference in climate between the northern and the southern zone of India due to latitude.

Answer

Two points of difference in climate between the northern and the southern zone of India due to latitude are —

1. The northern zone has cold winter season and hot summer season while the southern zone is warmer than the north but does not have a clear-cut winter season.
2. The northern zone doesn't have the mid day sun almost vertically overhead during any part of the year, while the southern zone has the mid day sun almost vertically overhead at least twice a year.

State briefly the impact of water bodies on the climate in coastal areas.

Answer

Water bodies have a great influence on the climate of coastal areas. They act as a source of moisture for the South-West Monsoon, bringing heavy rainfall. They also moderate the climate, making coastal areas neither very hot in summer nor very cold in winter.

Give a geographical reason for each of the following:

(i) Variations in the type of climate in different regions of India.

(ii) Most parts of India receive rainfall between June and September.

(iii) South-West Monsoon withdraw from northern India in October.

Answer

(i) India has different types of climate because of its large latitudinal extent, varied relief, altitude, distance from the sea, and the Himalayas, which influence climatic conditions in different regions.

(ii) Most parts of India receive rainfall between June and September because the South-West Monsoon blows over the country during this period, bringing moisture-laden winds from the sea.

(iii) The South-West Monsoon withdraws from northern India in October because the Sun appears to move southward, weakening the low-pressure area over northern India, which is gradually replaced by high pressure.

(i) What are Jet Streams?

(ii) How do they influence the climate of India?

Answer

(i) Jet streams are cold fast blowing winds that develop in the upper layers of the atmosphere.

(ii) They influence the climate of India in the following ways:

1. The Westerly Jet Stream prevails over the Northern Plains during winter and helps bring Western Disturbances, causing winter rainfall.
2. The Easterly Jet Stream steers the tropical depressions over India during the monsoon season, influencing the distribution of monsoon rainfall.

How does El-Nino affect the climate of India?

Answer

El Nino increases the surface temperature of the sea and affects the movement of monsoon winds in the Indian Ocean. It results in drier conditions over the Indian subcontinent and delay in the monsoon.

State two characteristic features of North-East Monsoon.

Answer

Two characteristic features of North-East Monsoon are-

1. These winds blow from December to February.
2. These winds blow from land to sea.

Mention three important features of rainfall in India.

Answer

Three important features of rainfall in India are-

1. There is rainfall over three months and the rest of the year is mostly dry. Seventy percent of annual rainfall occurs in the rainy season.
2. The rains are mainly of relief type. The windward slopes of the mountains get more rainfall than the leeward side.
3. Only a small portion of the rainfall is received from sources other than the monsoon, like cyclonic rainfall and convectional rainfall.

Give a geographical reason for each of the following:

(i) Pune receives less rainfall than Mumbai.

(ii) Tropical cyclones bring heavy rainfall but temperate cyclones bring light rainfall.

(iii) Kerala has a tropical climate while Bihar has a continental climate.

Answer

(i) Pune receives less rainfall than Mumbai because Mumbai lies on the windward side of the Western Ghats, while Pune lies on the leeward (rain-shadow) side.

(ii) Tropical cyclones bring heavy rainfall because they form over warm tropical seas and contain large amounts of moisture. Temperate cyclones contain less moisture and therefore generally bring light to moderate rainfall.

(iii) Kerala has a tropical (maritime) climate while Bihar has a continental climate because Kerala is close to the sea, whereas Bihar is far from the sea. Hence, Kerala has an equable climate, while Bihar experiences hot summers and cold winters.

Distinguish between 'Burst of Monsoon' and 'Break of Monsoon'.

Answer

Define:
(i) Western Disturbances
(ii) Mango Showers

Answer

(i) Western Disturbances — A characteristic feature of the cold weather season is the inflow of depressions from the west and the north-west. These low pressure systems are called western disturbances. They originate in West Asia and the regions near the Mediterranean Sea. They travel eastwards across Iran and Pakistan and reach India during the winter season. They bring the much needed winter rains over the plains and snowfall in the mountains.

(ii) Mango Showers — Mango showers are the pre-monsoon showers in the Indian states of Karnataka, Kerala, Konkan and Goa that help in the ripening of mangoes. These showers are also important for tea and coffee plants.

Give a geographical reason for each of the following:

(i) The monsoon rain is unevenly distributed over India.

(ii) Leh gets precipitation in the form of snow.

(iii) Most of the India remains dry during the winter season.

Answer

(i) The monsoon rainfall is unevenly distributed because the relief features of India, such as the Western Ghats and the Himalayas, cause orographic rainfall, making the windward slopes receive heavy rainfall while the leeward slopes remain comparatively dry.

(ii) Leh gets precipitation in the form of snow because it is situated at a high altitude, where temperatures remain below freezing, especially in winter.

(iii) Most of India remains dry during winter because the North-East Trade Winds blow from land to sea and, being dry continental winds, carry very little moisture.

(i) Name two regions which get very little rain from the Summer Monsoon.

(ii) Name any two local winds which blow in India during the summer season.

Answer

(i) Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan get very little rain from the Summer Monsoon.

(ii) Two local winds which blow in India during the summer season are Loo and Kalbaisakhi.

What is meant by the season of 'Retreating Monsoon'?

Answer

During the months of October-November, the south-west monsoon winds become weaker and start to retreat from the skies of North India. This phase of the monsoon is known as the retreating monsoon.

Name the months in which Retreating Monsoon rain is experienced.

Answer

Retreating Monsoon rain is experienced in the months of October and November.

Give a geographical reason for each of the following:

(i) The northern plains of India do not freeze in winter.

(ii) In spite of Aravali Range, Rajasthan receives scanty rainfall.

(iii) Chennai has more wet days than Bengaluru.

Answer

(i) The Northern Plains do not freeze in winter because the Himalayas block the extremely cold winds from Central Asia, preventing temperatures from falling below freezing.

(ii) Rajasthan receives scanty rainfall because the Aravalli Range runs parallel to the Arabian Sea branch of the South-West Monsoon. The winds are not forced to rise, so they pass without causing much rainfall.

(iii) Chennai has more wet days than Bengaluru because it receives rainfall from both the South-West Monsoon and the Retreating (North-East) Monsoon, whereas Bengaluru receives most of its rainfall mainly from the South-West Monsoon.

(i) Name the seasons during which the North-East Trade Winds dominate.

(ii) How do these winds affect the climate of India?

Answer

(i) The North-East Trade Winds dominate during the winter season.

(ii) These winds blow from land to sea, so most parts of India remain dry. However, after crossing the Bay of Bengal, they bring rainfall to the Coromandel Coast. The weather during this season is marked by cool nights and pleasant days.

Give two points of difference between the Arabian Sea branch and the Bay of Bengal branch of South-West Monsoon Winds.

Answer

Name any two states that receive rain in January-February from North-East Monsoons.

Answer

The eastern coast of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh receives much rainfall during the winter season through north-east monsoons.

Give a geographical reason for each of the following:

(i) Heating of Pacific waters affects Indian Monsoon.

(ii) Kochi has a lower annual range of temperature than Agra.

(iii) The Northern plains and Punjab receive winter cyclonic rain in winter.

Answer

(i) The heating of the Pacific waters affects the Indian Monsoon through the El Nino effect. The abnormal warming of the surface waters in the equatorial pacific region affects the movement of monsoon winds in the Indian Ocean. It results in drier conditions over the Indian subcontinent and delay in the monsoon.

(ii) Kochi has a lower annual range of temperature than Agra because Kochi is a coastal city and experiences the moderating influence of the sea, whereas Agra is inland and has a continental climate with greater temperature extremes.

(iii) The Northern Plains and Punjab receive winter rainfall due to Western Disturbances (temperate cyclones) that originate near the Mediterranean Sea and enter India from the north-west.

(i) What causes the winter rain along Coromandel coast?

(ii) Name a state which gets sufficient rainfall from the winter monsoon.

Answer

(i) North East Trade winds cause the winter rain along Coromandel coast.

(ii) Tamil Nadu gets sufficient rainfall from the winter monsoon.

Give two points of difference between Tropical Cyclones and Temperate Cyclones.

Answer

An Inter-School Football Match at Visakhapatnam from November 1 to 3 had to be cancelled because of bad weather. Give an explanation for this happening. Your explanation should provide the technical name of this season in India, as well as the pressure conditions over the Bay of Bengal.

Answer

The football match at Visakhapatnam had to be cancelled because November is the season of the Retreating (North-East) Monsoon. During this season, the low-pressure area shifts from the land to the Bay of Bengal, leading to the formation of cyclonic depressions. These cyclones bring heavy rainfall and stormy weather to the east coast, including Visakhapatnam.

Give a geographical reason for each of the following:

(i) Kanyakumari experiences an equable climate.

(ii) The Coromandel Coast remains dry in July-August.

(iii) Mangalore experiences more rainfall than Mysore.

Answer

(i) Kanyakumari experiences an equable climate because it is surrounded by the sea on three sides. The moderating influence of the sea keeps temperatures nearly uniform throughout the year.

(ii) The Coromandel Coast remains dry in July and August because it lies parallel to the Bay of Bengal branch of the South-West Monsoon, so these winds do not strike the coast directly. It also lies in the rain-shadow region of the Arabian Sea branch.

(iii) Mangalore experiences more rainfall than Mysore because Mangalore lies on the windward side of the Western Ghats, while Mysore lies on the leeward (rain-shadow) side.

(i) Name one region which gets rainfall from the Retreating Monsoon.

(ii) Name two areas which get more than 200 cm of rainfall in India.

Answer

(i) Tamil Nadu gets rainfall from the Retreating Monsoon.

(ii) Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh get more than 200 cm of rainfall in India.

From where does the winter showers in Western Uttar Pradesh and Punjab originate?

Answer

Winter showers in Western Uttar Pradesh and Punjab originate from the weak temperate cyclones from the Mediterranean Sea.

State the economic importance of Kalbaisakhis in West Bengal and Assam.

Answer

Kalbaisakhis are of economic importance in West Bengal and Assam because they bring rainfall in these regions. This rainfall is quite beneficial for growing jute and rice in West Bengal and tea in Assam.

Give a geographical reason for each of the following:

(i) Chennai receives less rain than Thiruvananthapuram although it has more rainy days.

(ii) Shillong gets less than 200 cm of rainfall in a year while Cherrapunji receives more than 1250 cm of rainfall.

(iii) Jaipur has a higher annual range of temperature than Goa.

Answer

(i) Since Thiruvananthapuram lies on windward side of Western ghats therefore it receives heavy rainfall from South West monsoon while Chennai lies on the leeward side and gets rainfall from North East monsoon which is not as strong. Thiruvananthapuram also gets some rain from the retreating Monsoon.

(ii) Shillong receives less than 200 cm of rainfall while Cherrapunji receives more than 1250 cm because Cherrapunji lies on the windward side of the Khasi Hills, directly in the path of the Bay of Bengal branch of the South-West Monsoon, whereas Shillong lies on the leeward (rain-shadow) side.

(iii) Jaipur has a higher annual range of temperature than Goa because Jaipur is far from the sea and has a continental climate, whereas Goa is a coastal area and experiences the moderating influence of the sea.

Briefly explain the role of the Himalayas in determining the climate of India during:

(i) the hot weather season

(ii) the southwest monsoon season

Answer

(i) The Himalayas form a climatic barrier separating the Indian subcontinent from the rest of Asia. They prevent the cold Siberian winds from entering the Indian region and from India becoming a cold desert.

(ii) During the South-West Monsoon season, the Himalayas act as a barrier to the moisture-laden monsoon winds. They force the winds to rise, cool and condense, causing heavy rainfall over the Northern Plains and the Himalayan foothills.

According to a news report the onset of southwest monsoon over Kerala was delayed and happened on June 8, 2023 due to El Nino. What is El Nino? What is the expected date for the onset of Southwest Monsoons over Kerala?

Answer

El-Nino refers to an abnormal warming of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific region. It increases the surface temperature of the sea and affects the movement of monsoon winds in the Indian Ocean.
The expected date for the onset of Southwest Monsoons over Kerala is June 1.

Uneven monsoon with below average rainfall in June, above average rainfall in July and a dry August was reported one year. How does this pattern of rainfall differ from the regular pattern of rainfall over the subcontinent.

Answer

This pattern of rainfall is different from the regular monsoon pattern in India. Normally, the Southwest monsoon sets in by early June and brings steady rainfall through June to September. Rainfall is usually well-distributed during these months.

However, in the year mentioned, rainfall was below average in June, unusually high in July, and almost dry in August. This uneven distribution can affect agriculture and water availability, as crops need regular and timely rain.

The difference is highlighted in the table below:

Give a geographical reason for each of the following:

(i) The northern hills of Assam do not get as much rainfall as the southern hills.

(ii) Northern India has cold-wave conditions in January.

(iii) The month of October is marked by sultry humid weather.

Answer

(i) The southern hills of Assam receive more rainfall because they lie directly in the path of the moisture-laden Bay of Bengal branch of the South-West Monsoon. After shedding most of their moisture, the winds reach the northern hills with less moisture, so they receive less rainfall.

(ii) Northern India experiences cold-wave conditions in January because cold winds from Central Asia and the Himalayas, along with Western Disturbances, lower the temperature over the region.

(iii) October is marked by sultry and humid weather because, after the South-West Monsoon withdraws, the skies become clear but the air remains humid and the land is still warm, producing hot and oppressive weather known as October Heat.

Study the climatic data for cities A and B given below and answer the questions that follow:

City A

City B

(i) Calculate the annual rainfall for both cities.

(ii) Where are the two cities located? Give reasons to support your answer.

Answer

(i) City A annual rainfall = 1156 mm
    City B annual rainfall = 1036 mm

(ii)

City A

Upon analyzing the temperature and rainfall patterns of City A, Delhi closely matches the provided data.

Reasons:

1. The climatic data of city A indicates a region with a continental climate, characterized by cool winters, warm summers, and a pronounced monsoon season with significant rainfall during the summer months.
2. Heavy rainfall experienced from the South west monsoon, with peaks in July-September.
3. Almost no rainfall from November to April.

City B

Upon analyzing the temperature and rainfall patterns of City B, Bengaluru (Bangalore) in Karnataka closely matches the provided data.

Reasons:

1. This city experiences moderate temperatures throughout the year with no extreme cold, indicating a Maritime climate.
2. Due to South-west monsoon, the rainfall increases from June, peaking between July and October, and tapering off by November.

Taru has lived in Pune for her entire life. Now she has to shift to Ludhiana. As a student of geography what would you tell her to prepare her for life in the new city?

Answers

Using my knowledge of geography, I would tell Taru that Ludhiana has a continental climate, which is very different from the equable climate of Pune.

1. Summers in Ludhiana are much hotter, with temperatures often rising above 40°C, whereas Pune has comparatively moderate summers.
2. Winters in Ludhiana are very cold, with temperatures sometimes falling below 5°C and dense fog. She should carry heavy woollen clothes.
3. Ludhiana receives moderate rainfall mainly from the South-West Monsoon and winter showers from Western Disturbances, whereas Pune receives heavier rainfall due to the South-West Monsoon.
4. She should be prepared for greater seasonal variations in temperature, unlike Pune, where the moderating influence of the sea keeps the climate more pleasant throughout the year.

Explain why the South West Monsoon winds enter West Bengal from the south or south-east direction.

Answer

The Bay of Bengal branch of the South-West Monsoon initially moves towards the coast of Myanmar. However, the Arakan Hills block and deflect these winds towards the Indian subcontinent. As a result, they enter West Bengal from the south and south-east instead of the south-west.

How would the monsoon mechanism be affected by the absence of the Great Indian Desert?

Answer

The Great Indian Desert (Thar Desert) becomes intensely heated during summer, creating a strong low-pressure area. This low pressure attracts the moisture-laden South-West Monsoon winds towards north-western India.

If the Great Indian Desert were absent, the low-pressure area would be much weaker, so the South-West Monsoon would be less strongly attracted towards India. As a result, monsoon rainfall over northern and north-western India would decrease, affecting agriculture and water availability.

Most parts of India do not receive rainfall in the winter season. Why? Name two regions that receive winter rainfall and identify each region's source.

Answer

Most parts of India do not receive rainfall during winter because the North-East Trade Winds blow from land to sea. These winds originate over the land, are dry, and therefore do not bring rainfall to most parts of the country.

Two regions that receive winter rainfall are:

1. Punjab — Receives rainfall from Western Disturbances (temperate cyclones) originating near the Mediterranean Sea.
2. Tamil Nadu — Receives rainfall from the North-East (Retreating) Monsoon. These winds pick up moisture from the Bay of Bengal before reaching the Coromandel Coast.

The IMD collates rainfall between June and September as SW monsoon. Answer the following question.

The southwest monsoon typically accounts for about 70% of India's annual rainfall, making it vital for the country's agrarian economy, which contributes approximately 14% to the national GDP. A good monsoon would boost the economy, how?

Answer

A good South-West Monsoon boosts India's economy in the following ways:

1. It provides adequate rainfall for the growth of crops.
2. It increases agricultural production and improves farmers' incomes.
3. Higher farm income raises rural purchasing power, increasing demand for goods and services.
4. It ensures a better supply of food grains, helping to control inflation.
5. It benefits agro-based industries such as food processing, textiles and sugar industries by ensuring a steady supply of raw materials.
6. Since agriculture contributes significantly to India's GDP and supports a large population, a good monsoon leads to overall economic growth.

The IMD collates rainfall between June and September as SW monsoon. Answer the following question.

By 30 September, 2024 regions like Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and Goa have recorded extraordinary surpluses, with Rajasthan alone seeing a 57% increase over average rainfall, Would the surplus rainfall be beneficial? How?

Answer

Yes, surplus rainfall can be beneficial if it is well distributed and properly managed.

Benefits of Surplus Rainfall

1. It recharges groundwater and fills rivers, lakes and reservoirs.
2. It provides adequate water for irrigation, improving agricultural production.
3. It increases the availability of drinking water.
4. It helps in hydroelectric power generation.
5. It reduces the chances of drought and water scarcity.

However, excessive surplus rainfall may also cause floods, waterlogging, soil erosion, landslides and crop damage.

The IMD collates rainfall between June and September as SW monsoon. Answer the following question.

There have been regional imbalances in the rainfall received with several states having deficits: Manipur (-30%), Bihar (-26%), Punjab (-23%), and Himachal Pradesh (-21%). While the surplus is beneficial for India's overall water availability and agricultural output, states experiencing deficits may continue to face difficulties. With the help of an example explain what difficulties would these states face.

Answer

Regions experiencing a rainfall deficit face severe geographical challenges due to reduced water availability, agricultural distress, and ecological imbalances.

Example: Bihar (-26% Rainfall Deficit)

1. Impact on Agriculture: Bihar relies heavily on the Southwest Monsoon for its kharif crop cultivation, particularly paddy (rice). A 26% deficit means lower soil moisture, affecting sowing, crop growth, and yields.

2. Reduced Groundwater Recharge: Lower monsoon rainfall leads to less infiltration into aquifers, worsening water scarcity in districts dependent on wells and tubewells for irrigation.

3. Drought-Like Conditions: Parts of south and central Bihar, which already receive less rainfall compared to the flood-prone north, may experience drought-like conditions, impacting food security.

Thus, states facing monsoon deficits experience agricultural setbacks, water shortages, and ecological imbalances, requiring efficient water management strategies to mitigate long-term impacts.

Study the picture on the right. Briefly explain what could be the cause of this calamity and what could be done to bring relief.

Answer

The image depicts urban flooding, where a man is navigating a waterlogged road.

Causes of the Calamity:

1. Heavy Rainfall Due to Monsoon: Intense rainfall, especially during the Southwest Monsoon (June-September), can overwhelm drainage systems, leading to water stagnation on roads.
2. Poor Drainage and Urbanization: Encroachment of natural drainage channels, excessive concretization, and lack of proper stormwater drainage result in inefficient water runoff.
3. Low-Lying Area and Poor City Planning: Some cities are located in low-lying flood-prone areas, where water accumulates easily, causing flooding.
4. Clogging of Drains: Accumulation of garbage and plastic waste in drains prevents water from flowing, worsening waterlogging conditions.

Measures to Bring Relief:

1. Improving Drainage Systems: Cleaning and maintaining storm water drains to ensure smooth water flow and constructing underground drainage systems in flood-prone urban areas.
2. Sustainable Urban Planning: Developing permeable surfaces like parks and green belts to allow water absorption, and preventing illegal construction that blocks drainage pathways.
3. Early Warning Systems: Implementing weather forecasting and flood alert systems to prepare in advance.
4. Public Awareness and Waste Management: Educating citizens about responsible waste disposal to prevent drain blockages.

By addressing urban planning, waste management, and drainage efficiency, cities can reduce flooding and minimize disruptions caused by heavy rainfall.

On my visit to the queen of the hills, the city of Nainital in the month of December, there was snowfall and I stayed indoors. I was thrilled but also amazed as to why it occurred when it was cold winters.

(i) What is the cause for the precipitation to occur at Nainital?

(ii) Explain the phenomenon which leads to the given situation.

Answer

(i) Western Disturbances are the cause for the precipitation to occur at Nainital.

(ii) During winter, western disturbances bring moist winds to northern India. In high-altitude regions like Nainital, low temperatures cause this moisture to condense and fall as snow instead of rain.

At Lucknow, during the month of May, the hot dry season is characterized by a local wind, which increases the temperature for the city and keeps all the people mostly indoors during the afternoon.

(i) What type of local wind is discussed?

(ii) How is it responsible for the given climatic condition prevailing in the above-mentioned City?

Answer

(i) The local wind being discussed is called 'Loo'.

(ii) The Loo is a hot, dry local wind that blows over northern India in May. It raises temperatures in Lucknow to over 45°C, causing extreme heat. This makes afternoons unbearable, forcing people to stay indoors to avoid heat-related illnesses.

"Typically, La Niña brings climate impacts that are the opposite of El Niño, especially in tropical regions. However, naturally occurring climate events such as La Niña and El Niño are taking place in the broader context of human-induced climate change, which is increasing global temperatures, exacerbating extreme weather, and impacting seasonal rainfall and temperature patterns." — the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

What is El Nino and how does it influence Indian Monsoon?

Answer

El Nino is a warm ocean current that periodically appears off the coast of Peru in South America, around the month of December. It causes abnormal warming of the surface waters in the equatorial Pacific region.

It influences the Indian Monsoon in the following way — El Nino increases the surface temperature of the sea and affects the movement of the monsoon winds in the Indian Ocean. It results in drier conditions over the Indian subcontinent and delay in the monsoon.

"La Niña is a phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a climate phenomenon characterised by changes in sea temperatures along the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, accompanied with fluctuations in the atmosphere overhead. ENSO influences, alters, and interferes with global atmospheric circulation, which, in turn, influences the weather worldwide. In India, El Niño is associated with decreased rainfall and higher temperatures, while La Niña is associated with increased rainfall and hence lower temperatures."

What would be the impact of La Niña on the seasons in India (Hints: Temperature, Pressure and Precipitation changes)?

Answer

La Niña is the phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) opposite to El Niño, marked by the cooling of the surface waters of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Its impact on the seasons in India can be explained as follows:

1. Precipitation — La Niña generally strengthens the South-West Monsoon, bringing above-normal (increased) rainfall over most parts of the country. This usually results in a good monsoon season.

2. Pressure — During La Niña, the low-pressure system over the Indian subcontinent becomes stronger and deeper. This intensifies the moisture-laden monsoon winds blowing from the sea towards the land, aiding heavier rainfall.

3. Temperature — La Niña is associated with lower temperatures. The winters tend to become colder than normal, and cold-wave conditions may intensify over northern India.

Thus, a La Niña year in India usually brings a strong, good monsoon with plentiful rainfall, followed by cooler and more severe winter conditions.