A mosquito is a vector for :
- Typhoid
- Cholera
- Malaria
- Jaundice
Answer
Malaria
Reason — Malaria is caused by Plasmodium protozoan that is transmitted by the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito.
Typhoid spreads through contaminated food and water. Cholera spreads through contaminated water and food. Jaundice is a condition caused by liver problems or infections like hepatitis.
Dengue is caused by a
- Protozoan
- Virus
- Worm
- Fungus
Answer
Virus
Reason — Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the dengue virus called Aedes aegypti mosquito. Protozoan cause Malaria. Worm cause Filariasis. Fungus cause Ringworm.
The idea of vaccination was conceived by
- Charles Darwin
- Alexander Flemming
- Issac Newton
- Edward Jenner
Answer
Edward Jenner
Reason — The idea of vaccination was conceived by Edward Jenner (1749 - 1823).
Which one of the following is not a psychotropic drug?
- Morphine
- Cocaine
- Heroin
- Penicillin
Answer
Penicillin
Reason — Morphine, Cocaine, and Heroin are psychotropic drug. But, Penicillin is an antibiotic.
Morphine can affect the brain and cause addiction. Cocaine is a stimulant drug affecting the central nervous system. Heroin narcotic drug derived from morphine.
Which one of the following is a communicable disease?
- Measles
- Cancer
- Heart attack
- Allergy
Answer
Measles
Reason — Cancer, heart attack, and allergy are non-communicable diseases whereas measles is a communicable disease.
Cancer does not spread from one person to another. Heart attack is caused by blockage of blood supply to the heart. Allergy is caused by hypersensitivity to substances like dust or pollen.
'Prophylaxis' is a significant concept in medical science to prevent humans from many diseases. Specific vaccines for different diseases are prepared by different methods. Which of the following statements are mismatched?
P. Salk's vaccine for typhoid - using toxoids.
Q. BCG vaccine for tuberculosis - using living weakened germs.
R. Salk's vaccine for poliomyelitis - using killed germs.
- Only P
- Only R
- Only P and Q
- Only Q and R
Answer
Only P
Reason — The correct match should be:
Salk’s vaccine was developed for poliomyelitis (polio), not typhoid.
BCG vaccine contains live weakened bacteria. Salk polio vaccine is prepared using killed (inactivated) poliovirus.
Mohit was playing football in the school playground with his friends. All of a sudden, he fell badly on the ground. His right hand was most likely fractured. What first-aid should be given to him?
- Mohit should be laid down on the ground and the fractured part should be moved continuously.
- Tie a sling to rest the arm on it.
- Apply some alkali, like baking soda on the fractured part.
- Apply hot water bag around the fractured part.
Answer
Tie a sling to rest the arm on it.
Reason — In the given case, Mohit should be laid down comfortably, and the fractured arm should be immobilized. We should tie a sling upon which the arm can rest.
Baking soda is not used for fractures. Hot water should not be applied immediately after a fracture. Cold compress is usually preferred initially to reduce swelling.
Assertion (A): Infectious diseases are caused due to the entry of pathogens in the body.
Reason (R): Pathogens are usually microorganisms which can easily spread through air, water and food; and get transmitted from an infected person to a healthy person.
- Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
- Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
- A is true but R is false.
- A is false but R is true.
Answer
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation — A is true as infectious diseases spread from an infected person to a healthy person by the entry of microorganisms/ pathogens.
R is true as they spread through air, water, food, physical contact, cuts, sexual contact and from insects like mosquitoes, flies, etc.
Therefore, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A is the correct option.
Assertion (A): The disease causing agent/pathogen of 'dengue' is a type of mosquito — Aedes aegypti.
Reason (R): Aedes aegypti spreads germs from a diseased person to a healthy person.
- Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
- Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
- A is true but R is false.
- A is false but R is true.
Answer
A is false and R is true.
Explanation — A is false as dengue is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the dengue virus.
R is true as it is spread by a mosquito called Aedes aegypti. Here, the dengue virus is the agent/pathogen, and mosquito Aedes aegypti is the disease causing vector.
Therefore, A is false and R is true is the correct option.
Assertion (A): 'HIV' is a kind of fungal disease which is usually transmitted through sexual contact or blood transfusion.
Reason (R): AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) is caused due to a virus called HIV.
- Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
- Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
- A is true but R is false.
- A is false but R is true.
Answer
A is false but R is true.
Explanation — A is false as HIV is a viral disease, not a fungal disease. It weakens the immune system by attacking WBCs. It is transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusion, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.
R is true as AIDS is caused by the HIV virus.
Therefore, A is false but R is true is the correct option.
Assertion (A): Diseases like cowpox, smallpox and chickenpox are all caused by the same virus.
Reason (R): The vaccine prepared for smallpox contains the living but weakened 'cowpox virus.
- Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
- Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
- A is true but R is false.
- A is false but R is true.
Answer
A is false and R is true.
Explanation — A is false as diseases like cowpox, smallpox, chickenpox are not caused by the same virus. Cowpox virus and smallpox viruses are similar but not the same. Chickenpox is also caused by a different virus.
R is true as The vaccine for smallpox was historically prepared using a weakened form of the cowpox virus. This discovery was made by Edward Jenner.
Therefore, A is false and R is true is the correct option.
Name:
(a) A viral disease caused due to sexual contact with an infected person.
(b) A disease caused due to Plasmodium.
(c) A disease caused by the bite of female Anopheles mosquito.
(d) Two viral diseases caused by mosquito bites.
(e) Any droplet — borne disease.
Answer
(a) AIDS
(b) Malaria
(c) Malaria
(d) Dengue fever, Chikungunya
(e) Tuberculosis
Match the items in Column A with those in Column B
| Column A | Column B |
|---|---|
| (a) Malaria | (i) Aedes aegypti |
| (b) Chikungunya | (ii) BCG |
| (c) Poliomyelitis | (iii) TAB |
| (d) Tuberculosis | (iv) Salk's vaccine |
| (e) Typhoid | (v) Plasmodium |
Answer
| Column A | Column B |
|---|---|
| (a) Malaria | (v) Plasmodium |
| (b) Chikungunya | (i) Aedes aegypti |
| (c) Poliomyelitis | (iv) Salk's vaccine |
| (d) Tuberculosis | (ii) BCG |
| (e) Typhoid | (iii) TAB |
Write full forms for each of the following abbreviations :
(a) AIDS
(b) HIV
(c) WBCs
(d) BCG
(e) TAB
Answer
(a) AIDS - Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
(b) HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(c) WBCs - White Blood Cells
(d) BCG - Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
(e) TAB - Typhoid-paratyphoid A and B
Name the two types of diseases on the basis of whether they can be spread or not.
Answer
The two types of diseases on the basis of their spread are:
- Communicable Diseases
- Non-communicable Diseases
Name the four ways of indirect methods by which infectious diseases can spread.
Answer
Four ways of indirect methods by which infectious diseases can spread are:
- Touching and sharing items used by the infected person
- Contaminated food and water or drink
- Vectors
- Droplets
Name the three diseases caused by viruses
Answer
The three diseases caused by viruses are:
- Common Cold
- Influenza (The Flu)
- HIV/AIDS
Name the three diseases in which germs are carried by mosquitoes.
Answer
The three diseases in which germs are carried by mosquitoes are:
- Malaria
- Dengue Fever
- Chikungunya
Name the four methods by which vaccines can be prepared.
Answer
The four methods by which vaccines can be prepared are:
- Using killed germs.
- Using living weakened germs.
- Using fully virulent living germs.
- Using Toxoids
Define Health
Answer
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Define Public hygiene
Answer
Public hygiene refers to the science and practice of protecting and improving the health of a community. It involves proper disposal of human excreta and domestic wastes.
Define Vaccine
Answer
A vaccine is the germ or germ substance introduced into the body to develop resistance against a particular disease.
Define Toxoids
Answer
Toxoids are extracts of toxins secreted by bacteria and these poisons are made harmless by the addition of formalin to retain the capacity to produce antibodies.
Define First aid
Answer
First aid is the immediate care or help given to a patient at the time of a medical emergency before he or she is taken to a doctor.
Give two examples of Communicable diseases
Answer
Influenza, Tuberculosis
Give two examples of Non communicable diseases
Answer
Diabetes, heart attack
Give two examples of Viral diseases
Answer
AIDS, Chickenpox
Give two examples of Bacterial diseases
Answer
Cholera, Typhoid
Give two examples of Vectors
Answer
Mosquitoes, Houseflies
What is a non-communicable disease? Answer in brief.
Answer
Non communicable diseases are those which are not caused by any germ, therefore these diseases cannot spread from an infected person to a healthy person (i.e., they are non transmissible). These may be caused due to improper functioning of the body organs. Example : diabetes, heart attack, etc.
What are communicable diseases ?
Answer
Communicable diseases are those diseases which spread from an infected person to a healthy person by the entry of microorganisms or pathogens. These diseases are caused by the germs known as pathogens. Example: Chicken pox, Malaria, Typhoid, etc.
How can we control spreading of diseases by mosquitoes and houseflies?
Answer
We can control the spreading of diseases by mosquitoes and houseflies by using repellents, throwing garbage in covered bins, avoiding stagnation of water and checking the breeding of insects.
Public hygiene is equally important as personal hygiene. Give reasons.
Answer
Public hygiene involves proper disposal of human excreta and domestic wastes. It is equally important as personal hygiene for the following reasons:
- Sewage should be chemically treated first before being released into the water bodies to avoid water-borne diseases. There should be proper sewage lines connected to sewage treatment plants.
- A healthy environment should be maintained by disposing garbage in covered bins to prevent breeding of flies, avoiding stagnation of water to prevent breeding of mosquitoes.
- Contamination of drinking water with faeces (animal or human excreta) should be prevented as it is a major cause of diseases.
What is Vaccination? Mention the four ways in which vaccines are prepared, giving the name of one disease for which each type of vaccine is used.
Answer
Vaccination is the practice of artificially introducing germs or germ substances into the body for developing resistance to particular diseases. The material introduced into the body is called the vaccine. Usually, the vaccine is introduced into the body by injection and sometimes orally.
A vaccine can be prepared by any one of the following four methods —
- Using killed germs — e.g. TAB vaccine for typhoid.
- Using living weakened germs — e.g. the vaccine for measles.
- Using fully virulent living germs — e.g. the vaccine for smallpox.
- Using Toxoids — e.g. the vaccines used for diphtheria and tetanus.
Burns can be superficial burns, deep burns or chemical burns. What emergency care would you suggest in each case.
Answer
First aid for burns depends on the degree of burns.
In the case of superficial burns, pour cold water over the burnt area. Then dry that portion and cover with sterile dressing.
In the case of deep burns, never use water, and cover the injured part with dressing.
In the case of chemical burns, wash with running water for 10 minutes and then cover with dressing.
Write short notes (2-3 sentences) on the following :
(a) Disease
(b) Immunisation
(c) Pathogen
(d) AIDS
(e) Vaccination
(f) Vector
Answer
(a) Disease — Disease is a departure from normal health through structural or functional disorders of the body. There are two major categories of diseases — Communicable or infectious diseases and Non-communicable or non-infectious diseases.
(b) Immunization — Immunization is an artificial way of achieving protection from infections by the introduction of dead or weakened germs into one's body. Immunization is a process by which the body of an individual is made resistant to a specific disease by vaccination.
(c) Pathogen — Communicable diseases are caused due to microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, worms and protozoa. The disease causing germs are called pathogens. Pathogens spread from one person to other through air, water, food, physical contact, cuts, sexual contact and from insects like mosquitoes, flies, etc.
(d) AIDS — AIDS stands for Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome. It is caused by the HIV virus. It weakens the immunity or self defence mechanism of the human body. AIDS makes the infected person prone to many other infectious diseases. It spreads through sexual contact, blood transfusion and infected syringes.
(e) Vaccination — Vaccination is the practice of artificially introducing germs or germ substances into the body for developing resistance to particular diseases. The material introduced into the body is called the vaccine. When exposed to vaccines, the body makes antibodies and more or less permanent protection from infection is achieved.
(f) Vector — Vectors are those organisms (e.g., house flies, mosquitoes, etc.) which carry germs from a source of infection but themselves do not get the infection. For example, mosquitoes while feeding on the blood of a malaria patient, gain the germs in their bodies, and get them transferred in the blood stream of a healthy person whom they bite next.
Given below is a crossword puzzle. Read the clues across and clues downward, and fill up the blank squares. Check up your answers with the correct solution given at the end.
CLUES ACROSS (1-6)
The kind of pathogen which causes diseases like common cold and mumps.
These may readily grow in your hair, if you do not wash it regularly.
This is the vaccine for preventing tuberculosis.
The disease pertussis is popularly known as whooping ...............
One of the most common insects that visit our exposed foods and contaminate them.
A disease that weakens body's defence system against infections.
CLUES DOWN (7-11)
Germ or germ substances introduced into the body to prevent occurrence of an infectious disease.
A disease in which the eyes, the skin and the urine turn yellow.
An organ usually affected by tuberculosis.
A disease caused by the bite of an infected dog, and which affects the central nervous system.
Cover this part of your body by a handkerchief while sneezing to prevent droplet infection to others.
Answer
CLUES ACROSS (1-6)
VIRUS
LICE
BCG
COUGH
FLIES
AIDS
CLUES DOWN (7-11)
VACCINE
JAUNDICE
LUNG
RABIES
MOUTH
In recent years, people in Delhi have become more aware of their health and hygiene. They pay more attention to clean surroundings, drinking safe water and avoiding conditions that can cause illness. This awareness becomes especially important during the monsoon and post-monsoon period when mosquito-borne diseases rise sharply. To reduce these risks, Delhi's health departments carry out regular anti-mosquito drives. They spray chemicals in residential areas, drains and places where water collects to kill adult mosquitoes and prevent breeding. Residents are also advised not to let water stand in coolers, pots, buckets or any container at home.
(a) Name any two diseases spread by mosquitoes during the monsoon and post-monsoon period.
(b) When a mosquito transmits a disease causing germ from one person to another, is the mosquito acting as a vector or a pathogen? Give reason in support of your answer.
(c) For the diseases you listed in part (i) above, name the type of microorganism responsible for each.
(d) Mosquitoes breed in stagnant water. Mention one place at home where such water may collect.
Answer
(a) Two diseases spread by mosquitoes during the monsoon and post-monsoon period are dengue and malaria.
(b) The mosquito acts as a vector and not a pathogen.
A vector is an organism that carries disease-causing germs from one person to another. The mosquito only transmits the germs; it does not itself cause the disease.
(c) Type of microorganism responsible for the diseases:
(i) Dengue fever — caused by a virus
(ii) Malaria — caused by a protozoan called Plasmodium
(d) One place at home where stagnant water may collect is water cooler.