Which one of the following is an indigenous breed of dairy cows?
- Jersey
- Frieswal
- Sahiwal
- Dangi
Answer
Sahiwal
Reason — Sahiwal is an indigenous breed of dairy cows.
Jersey is exotic (foreign) breed of dairy cow from the Jersey Island in the United Kingdom. Frieswal is crossbreed developed in India by crossing Holstein Friesian cattle with Sahiwal cattle. Dangi is an indigenous Indian breed mainly used as a draught breed, mostly in Maharashtra.
Which one of the following is the common breed of buffalo found in Gujarat?
- Surti
- Murrah
- Gir
- Mehsana
Answer
Mehsana
Reason — Mehsana is a breed common in Gujarat. Its average milk yield is about 1200-2500 litres.
Surti is buffalo breed found in Gujarat, especially around Anand and Kheda. Murrah is famous high milk-yielding buffalo breed from Haryana and Punjab. Gir is an indigenous breed of cow, not a buffalo breed.
Which of the following is an indigenous breed of poultry of India?
- White Leghorn
- HH-260
- Aseel
- B-77
Answer
Aseel
Reason — The most popular indigenous poultry breed of India is Aseel.
White Leghorn is exotic breed originally from Italy. HH-260 is hybrid/improved poultry variety developed for commercial production, not from India. B-77 is developed poultry strain used in commercial farming.
Which one of the following is a rabi crop?
- Mustard
- Pea
- Rice
- Wheat
Answer
Wheat
Reason — Wheat is an important rabi crop of India as it is sown in October/early November.
Mustard is a rabi crop in many regions, grown mainly in winter. Pea is winter season crop grown during the rabi season. Rice is kharif crop grown during the rainy season.
Among the following, a Kharif crop is:
- Barley
- Mustard
- Rice
- Wheat
Answer
Rice
Reason — Rice is the most important Kharif crop of India.
Barley is a winter season crop grown during the rabi season. Mustard is usually grown as a rabi crop. Wheat is major winter season (rabi) crop.
Yeast is a kind of microscopic organism which readily grows in all kinds of sugary solutions and in plant exudations containing sugar. Yeast is economically important in many ways. Some are given below:
P. In breweries
Q. In bakeries
R. Curing of tobacco
In which of the following processes/ways does yeast not play an important role ?
- Only R
- Only P and Q
- Only P, Q and R
- None of the above
Answer
Only R
Reason — Yeast readily grow in all kinds of sugary solutions and in any plant exudations containing sugar. Yeast are widely used in breweries and bakeries. However, curing of tobacco is the action of certain bacteria, not yeast.
Amit and Sumit studied different kinds of microbes like viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi and protozoa. Which of the following statements does not match with the characteristic features of fungi ?
- Fungi may be unicellular or multicellular.
- They do not have chlorophyll and cannot prepare their own food.
- Fungi help in biological nitrogen fixation and improve the soil fertility.
- They are saprophytic in nature.
Answer
Fungi help in biological nitrogen fixation and improve the soil fertility.
Reason — Fungi are saprophytic in nature, i.e. they feed on dead and decaying organic matter and are called the natural cleaners of environment. They do improve soil health through decomposition but not by fixing nitrogen directly.
Yeast is unicellular, while mushrooms are multicellular. Fungi are heterotrophs and depend on other organisms for food. Many fungi obtain food from dead and decaying organic matter.
Assertion (A): Some bacterial cells have an outermost slimy gelatinous layer in the form of a capsule.
Reason (R): Capsule protects the bacterium from desiccation and toxic compounds.
- Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
- Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
- A is true but R is false.
- A is false but R is true.
Answer
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation — A is true as a bacterial cell has an outermost slimy, gelatinous, protective layer in the form of a capsule to protect it from desiccation and toxic compounds.
R is true as the capsule protects bacteria from drying (desiccation) and harmful toxic substances.
Therefore, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A is the correct option.
Assertion (A): Lactobacillus is a kind of bacteria which can convert milk into curd and curd into cottage cheese.
Reason (R): Lactose (milk sugar) can be converted into lactic acid by the action of Lactobacillus and different types of milk products like curd and cheese can be prepared.
- Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
- Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
- A is true but R is false.
- A is false but R is true.
Answer
A is false and R is true.
Explanation — A is false as Lactobacillus helps convert milk into curd; however, curd is processed further to make cottage cheese.
R is true as Lactobacillus converts lactose (milk sugar) into lactic acid, which helps in forming curd and other milk products like cheese.
Therefore, A is false and R is true is the correct option.
Assertion (A): Tea leaves and tobacco leaves are cured by bacteria to obtain specific flavours and aroma.
Reason (R): Bacteria play an important role in several industrial processes like vinegar and cheese production.
- Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
- Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
- A is true but R is false.
- A is false but R is true.
Answer
Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
Explanation — A is true because curing of Tea leaves and Tobacco is done with the help of bacteria to remove bitterness and obtain flavour and aroma.
R is true because production of vinegar and cheese is done with the help of bacteria.
However, reason talks about the role of bacteria in vinegar and cheese production, it does not explain how bacteria are used in curing tea and tobacco.
Therefore, Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A is the correct option.
Assertion (A): The process of recovery of threads from the killed cocoons of silkworm is called as reeling.
Reason (R): Threads are recovered from the larval stages of silkworm because this stage is the most active and productive stage in its life-cycle.
- Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
- Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
- A is true but R is false.
- A is false but R is true.
Answer
A is true and R is false.
Explanation — A is true as the process of obtaining silk threads from cocoons is indeed called reeling. R is false as threads are recovered from the cocoon, which is spun by the larva. The cocoon is harvested, and silk threads are extracted from it, not directly from the larva.
Therefore, A is true and R is false is the correct option.
Fill in the blanks:
Cattle feed made from cereals and wheat is called ...............
Rearing of birds for egg and meat is called ...............
Animal food is rich in ...............
............... is an example of root crop.
Cereals are rich in ...............
............... are chemical substances used to destroy pests.
............... is an example of a tuber crop.
Pig farming is termed as ...............
Answer
Cattle feed made from cereals and wheat is called concentrates.
Rearing of birds for egg and meat is called poultry farming.
Animal food is rich in proteins.
Sweet potato is an example of root crop.
Cereals are rich in carbohydrates.
Pesticides are chemical substances used to destroy pests.
Potato is an example of a tuber crop.
Pig farming is termed as piggery.
Match the terms given in column A with those in column B.
| Column A | Column B |
|---|---|
| (a) Rabi crop | (i) Transplantation |
| (b) Rice crop | (ii) Winter crop |
| (c) Orchards | (iii) Kharif crop |
| (d) Apiculture | (iv) Fishes |
| (e) Sericulture | (v) Cows |
| (f) Pisciculture | (vi) Honey bees |
| (g) Livestock | (vii) Dogs |
| (h) Pet | (viii) Silkworms |
Answer
| Column A | Column B |
|---|---|
| (a) Rabi crop | (ii) Winter crop |
| (b) Rice crop | (iii) Kharif crop |
| (c) Orchards | (i) Transplantation |
| (d) Apiculture | (vi) Honey bees |
| (e) Sericulture | (viii) Silkworms |
| (f) Pisciculture | (iv) Fishes |
| (g) Livestock | (v) Cows |
| (h) Pet | (vii) Dogs |
Name:
(a) The popular indigenous breed of poultry in India.
(b) The practice of rearing of honey bees.
(c) The architect of white revolution in India.
(d) A kashmiri goat which gives expensive wool.
(e) The scientist responsible for green revolution in India.
Answer
(a) Aseel
(b) Apiculture
(c) Mr. Verghese Kurien
(d) Kashmiri Pashmina
(e) M. S. Swaminathan
Write the scientific names of :
(a) Common Indian honey bee
(b) Curd Bacteria
(c) A nitrogen fixing bacteria
Answer
(a) Apis indica
(b) Lactobacillus acidophilus
(c) Rhizobium sp.
Name the following :
(a) Four animals which provide us food.
(b) Two dual purpose breeds of cattle.
(c) Two examples of milch animals.
(d) Two high-yielding indigenous breeds of cows.
(e) Four varieties of edible fishes in India.
(f) Two breeds of buffaloes.
(g) Two exotic breeds of Fowl
(h) Two exotic (Foreign) breeds of cows
(i) Two indigenous breeds of pigs
Answer
(a) Goat, Sheep, Pig, Hen
(b) Dangi and Tharparkar
(c) Cow, Buffalo
(d) Gir, Sahiwal
(e) Bombay Duck, Eel, Hilsa, Salmon
(f) Murrah, Surti
(g) White leghorn, Rhode Island red
(h) Jersey, Brown Swiss
(i) Desi and Ghori
Define Microbes.
Answer
The microscopic or tiny organisms, which are often single celled and sometimes multicellular are called microbes. For example: bacteria, virus, fungi.
Define Agriculture.
Answer
Agriculture is defined as the science of growing plants and other crops as well as rearing of animals for food and for other human needs.
Define Horticulture.
Answer
Horticulture is defined as the branch of agriculture which deals with cultivation of fruits, vegetables, flowers, mushrooms, algae, medicinal and ornamental plants.
Define Poultry farming.
Answer
Poultry farming is the process of raising domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese for the purpose of obtaining meat or eggs for food.
Define Mariculture.
Answer
The branch of aquaculture which involves rearing of marine organisms in an enclosed section of the ocean, or in tanks or ponds filled with sea water is called Mariculture.
Name the most important cereal plant of Kharif crops.
Answer
Rice is the most important cereal plant of Kharif crops.
Name any one variety of edible mushrooms.
Answer
White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is an edible mushroom.
Name the two main crop seasons of India. Give three examples of the crops grown during each season.
Answer
The two main crop seasons of India are:
- Kharif Season — Kharif crops (means "autumn crops") are raised in the rainy season (June to October). Three kharif crops are Rice, Maize and Cotton.
- Rabi Season — Rabi crops (means "winter crops") are raised in the winters (October to March). Three rabi crops are Wheat, Barley, Mustard.
What is organic farming ? What is the main aim of organic farming ?
Answer
Organic farming is the practice of raising crops without using synthetic fertilisers and pesticides.
The main aim of organic farming is to enhance soil fertility, grow crops in an eco-friendly environment, free from chemical pollution (pesticides) and thus produce crops with high nutritional value.
Distinguish between Eggers (or Layers) and Broilers.
Answer
Difference between Eggers (or Layers) and Broilers:
| Egger | Broiler |
|---|---|
| The egg laying chickens are called Eggers | Chickens reared for obtaining meat are called Broilers |
| Eggers need food rich in vitamins, minerals and micronutrients. | Broilers require food rich in proteins, fats and vitamin A & K. |
| Eggers require enough space and adequate lighting for proper growth. | Broilers require conditions to grow fast with low mortality. |
Distinguish between Food crops and Cash crops.
Answer
Difference between Food crops and Cash crops:
| Food crop | Cash crop |
|---|---|
| Food crops are cultivated for the production of food. | Cash crops are cultivated for commercial purposes. |
| Examples — Wheat, Pulses | Examples — Cotton, Rubber |
Distinguish between Green revolution and White revolution.
Answer
Difference between Green revolution and White revolution:
| Green revolution | White revolution |
|---|---|
| The Green Revolution involved the development and application of high-yielding crop varieties, enhanced irrigation, and the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides to increase agricultural productivity. | The White Revolution focused primarily on milk production, aiming to increase dairy yield and improve rural livelihoods through cooperative milk unions and dairy farming advancements. |
| Father of Green Revolution was M.S. Swaminathan. | Father of White revolution was Verghese Kurien. |
Distinguish between Milch animals and Draught animals.
Answer
Difference between Milch animals and Draught animals:
| Milch animals | Draught animals |
|---|---|
| Milch animals are those who are kept for the purpose of milk production. | Draught animals are those whose males are used for ploughing and carriage purpose. |
| Example: Cow, Buffalo | Example: Ox, Camel, Horse |
Distinguish between Kharif crops and Rabi crops.
Answer
Difference between Kharif crops and Rabi crops:
| Kharif crops | Rabi crops |
|---|---|
| Kharif crops are raised in the rainy season, from June to October. | Rabi crops are raised in winter; wheat is sown in October/early November. |
| They are known as autumn crops. | They are winter crops. |
| Example: Rice | Example: Wheat |
Briefly explain the following terms :
(a) Animal Husbandry
(b) Sericulture
(c) Aquaculture
(d) Hatcheries
(e) Pisciculture
Answer
(a) Animal Husbandry — The branch of biology which deals with feeding, shelter, caring and breeding of domesticated animals is called animal husbandry.
(b) Sericulture — The technique of artificial rearing of silkworm for production of silk is called sericulture.
(c) Aquaculture — Aquaculture is the term used for production or farming of useful aquatic animals like fish, prawns, lobsters, molluscs, etc.
(d) Hatcheries — A hatchery is a facility where eggs are hatched under artificial conditions, especially those of fish or poultry.
(e) Pisciculture — Pisciculture is the production and management of fishes. It involves breeding and raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures mainly for food.
List the uses of bacteria in the food industry.
Answer
Some of the uses of bacteria in the food industry are:
- Bacteria such as Lactobacillus help convert milk into curd.
- Bacteria are used in cheese making by curdling milk and helping in flavour development.
- Curing of tea and tobacco leaves is done with the help of bacteria to obtain specific flavour and aroma.
- Specific bacteria help in the production of alcohol and vinegar from sugar solution.
Mention the benefits of "Green Revolution" and "White Revolution" in our country.
Answer
Following are the benefits of "Green Revolution" in our country:
- Green Revolution enabled the agriculture industry to produce much larger quantities of food grains making it possible to feed the growing population of the country.
- It made the country self sufficient in Wheat production.
- It improved the economic condition of the farmers.
- It enabled the agriculture industry to give employment to a large section of India's population.
Following are the benefits of "White Revolution" in our country:
- White Revolution resulted in India becoming the largest producer of milk and milk products in the world.
- It strengthened the dairy farmer’s income.
- It ensured easy availability of milk at a fair price to all.
Draw a neat and labeled diagram of the life cycle of a silk moth and answer the following questions.
(a) What are the four stages in the life cycle of a silk moth?
(b) Write the specific names for the larva and pupa of the silk moth.
(c) Name the process of recovering threads from the killed cocoons.
(d) Name a suitable plant on which these insects grow and develop successfully.
(e) Which kind of fibres can be made by using the threads from the cocoons ?
Answer
Labeled diagram showing the life cycle of a silk moth is given below:
(a) The four stages in the life cycle of a silk moth are:
- Egg
- Larva
- Pupa
- Adult
(b) The specific names for the larva and pupa of the silk moth are Caterpillar and Chrysalis.
(c) Reeling.
(d) Mulberry
(e) Silk fibre can be made by using the threads from the cocoons.
Draw a neat and labeled diagram of the 'Internal structure of yeast'. Answer the following questions.
(a) Name the kingdom to which the yeast belongs.
(b) Is it unicellular or multicellular?
(c) Write the specific mode of nutrition in this organism.
(d) What are the suitable medium/places where yeast can grow successfully?
(e) Name two vitamins which are found in yeast.
(f) Write the economic importance of yeasts in two points.
Answer
Labeled diagram showing the ‘Internal structure of yeast’ is given below:
(a) Fungi
(b) Unicellular
(c) Yeast has a saprophytic mode of nutrition.
(d) Yeast can grow successfully in moist and warm conditions in the presence of sugar, such as in sugary solutions, grapes, nectar of flowers and sugarcane juice.
(e) Yeast is a source of vitamin B and vitamin E.
(f) Two points highlighting the economic importance of yeasts are:
- Yeast is used in breweries to produce alcohol by the fermentation of sugar.
- Yeast is used in bakeries to prepare bread.
Draw a neat and labelled diagram of a bacterium showing its internal structure. Answer the following questions.
(a) Name the kingdom to which bacteria belongs.
(b) Are they prokaryotes / eukaryotes?
(c) What are the four kinds of bacteria on the basis of their shape? Write the specific terms with their shapes.
(d) Name the outermost protective covering of a bacterium.
(e) What are the four suitable conditions required for the growth and development of bacteria?
(f) Name two kinds of respiration which can take place in bacteria.
(g) Mention the locomotory structure of bacteria which can help them to move.
Answer
Labeled diagram showing the internal structure of a bacterium is given below:
(a) Monera.
(b) They are prokaryotes.
(c) Bacteria can be classified into four types based on their shape:
- Coccus (round shape)
- Bacillus (rod shape)
- Spirillum (spiral shape)
- Vibrio (comma shape)
(d) Slime Capsule.
(e) Four suitable conditions required for the growth and development of bacteria are:
- Availability of adequate water.
- Appropriate food supply.
- Suitable temperature.
- Sufficient air.
(f) Two kinds of respiration which can take place in bacteria are:
- Aerobic respiration
- Anaerobic respiration
(g) The locomotory structure of bacteria that helps them move is called the flagellum.
In the 1960s, India introduced the Green Revolution to boost the production of food grains. This was made possible through chemical fertilisers, pesticides and better irrigation facilities among other things. This revolution helped our country move closer to self-sufficiency in food production. Around the same time, India also strengthened its dairy sector through the White Revolution (also called Operation Flood), which focused on increasing milk production in India. It organised dairy cooperatives, improved milk collection, storage and transportation and encouraged better breeding and feeding practices for cattle. Together, these two revolutions transformed India's agricultural and dairy landscape and greatly improved the nation's food security.
(a) Which two crops were mainly produced during the Green Revolution ?
(b) In addition to the application of chemicals to the crops for a higher yield, specific types of crops were also developed and introduced. What are such crops referred to as ?
(c) Name the dairy cooperative that played a major role in the White Revolution. Where in India was it originally established ?
(d) Name any two high milk-yielding cow breeds commonly reared in India.
Answer
(a) The two main crops produced during the Green Revolution were wheat and rice.
(b) Specific types of crops developed are called as High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds.
(c) The dairy cooperative was Amul. It was originally established in Anand.
(d) Two high milk-yielding cow breeds commonly reared in India are Sahiwal and Jersey cattle.