The Industrial Revolution first of all started in ............... .
- England
- France
- Denmark
- India
Answer
England
Which Act laid down that children below 9 years could not be employed in factories?
- Factory Act, 1802
- Factory Act, 1833
- Factory Act, 1938
- Factory Act, 1819
Answer
Factory Act, 1833
Which statement is true about Napoleonic Wars?
(i) England remained aloof from rest of the continent.
(ii) England brought raw material from her colonies and sold in other European countries.
(iii) European countries were dependent on English Goods.
- Only (i) and (ii)
- Only (i)
- Only (i) and (iii)
- (i), (ii) and (iii)
Answer
Only (i) and (iii)
Who called Industrial Revolution 'A mighty but silent upheaval'?
- Prof. Moon
- Hayes
- H.A. Davies
- Ramasay Muir
Answer
H.A. Davies
Which statement is/are correct?
(i) Industrial Revolution led to mass production of goods.
(ii) Industrial Revolution increased the national wealth.
- Only (i)
- Only (ii)
- Both (i) and (ii)
- None of them
Answer
Both (i) and (ii)
Which factors led to growth in agriculture?
(i) Introduction of machinery.
(ii) Better seeds.
(iii) Drainage of wasteland.
(iv) High price of crops
- Only (i), (ii) and (iv)
- Only (ii), (iii) and (iv)
- Only (i), (ii) and (iii)
- (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Answer
Only (i), (ii) and (iii)
Identify the two classes that were in constant struggle as a result of the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution.
(i) Capitalists and workers
(ii) Socialists and Communists
(iii) Peasants and landlords
- Only (i)
- Only (ii) and (iii)
- Only (i) and (ii)
- Only (i), and (iii)
Answer
Only (i)
The term 'Industrial Revolution' denoted a series of tremendous changes in the field of industrial production.
Which of the following statements correctly describes the same?
- Large scale production in houses of mill workers
- Large scale production in factories with the aid of human hands
- Large scale production in factories with the aid of steam power for the sake of profit
- Proto-industrial production in cottages or shops of workers
Answer
Large scale production in factories with the aid of steam power for the sake of profit
Identify the reason why did the Industrial Revolution first of all begin in England.
P: Colonial empire of England with colonies becoming sources of raw materials and markets for finished goods
Q: Iron and coal were available in England in large quantities in close proximity
R: Increase in national income
S: Development of banking
- P and Q
- P and R
- Q and R
- R and S
Answer
P and Q
Read the two statements given below about the impact of Industrial Revolution. Select the option that shows the correct relationship between (A) and (B).
(A) It was a mighty but silent upheaval.
(B) It led to large scale production, massive urbanisation and capitalism without violence and bloodshed.
- (B) contradicts (A)
- (B) is the reason for (A)
- (A) is true but (B) is false
- (A) and (B) are independent of each other
Answer
(B) is the reason for (A)
Read the following excerpt and answer the question that follows:
"In the modern world, the, first industrial nation that emerged was England and the process was called 'Revolution' because of several reasons."
(Source: https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/12887/1/Unit-8.pdf)
What is meant by the term "Industrial Revolution"?
Answer
The Industrial Revolution is a term which is used to express the change responsible for the adoption of the system of making things on a large scale in large factories with the aid of steam power, as opposed to the old system, which was generally followed up to the middle of the 18th century, of making goods in cottages or shops of workers.
Name two raw materials that contributed significantly to industrialisation in England.
Answer
Iron and coal were available in England in large quantities and contributed significantly to industrialisation in England.
What was the main aim of the Factory Acts?
Answer
The main aim of the Factory Acts was to improve the condition of the factory workers.
What was the main source of power during the Industrial Revolution?
Answer
Steam power was the main source of power used to run the factory machines during the Industrial Revolution.
Define the term "capitalism."
Answer
Capitalism is defined as an economic system in which the key means of production and distribution, such as factories, land, and businesses, are owned by private individuals or corporations rather than by the community or the state. In this system, the production of goods and services is driven by the goal of generating profit, and the prices of goods are determined by competition in the market.
Name two individuals associated with the rise of socialism.
Answer
Two individuals associated with the rise of socialism are — Karl Marx (1818-83) and Frederick Engels (1820-95).
How did the Napoleonic Wars impact English industry?
Answer
The Napoleonic Wars had a positive impact on English industry. While Napoleon's Continental System aimed to block English goods, it failed. England continued its economic activities, importing raw materials from colonies and selling manufactured goods. European countries, dependent on English products, smuggled them in, which helped boost England’s overseas trade and industrial growth.
Which towns in England grew rapidly due to the Industrial Revolution?
Answer
The Industrial Revolution in England led to rapid growth of towns like Manchester, Birmingham, the Sheffield and Leeds.
Mention any two negative effects of the Industrial Revolution on workers.
Answer
Two negative effects of the Industrial Revolution on workers are:
- Factory workers had to work for long hours for very low pay. Women and children were exploited.
- Workers faced unsafe conditions, which caused injuries and stress.
Explain the significance of banking and capital during the Industrial Revolution.
Answer
England had substantial capital available for large enterprises, largely due to its colonial trade and banking systems. The surplus capital was used for investment in different industries and installing new factories.
Describe any two changes brought about in agriculture during the Industrial Revolution.
Answer
Two changes brought about in agriculture during the Industrial Revolution are:
- Introduction of machinery, better seeds, new crops, the drainage of wasteland, the use of fertilisers and improvement in stock-breeding led to growth in agriculture.
- The farmers produced not only grains but also cash crops on a large scale and became very wealthy.
How did the availability of capital facilitate the rise of industries?
Answer
England had substantial capital available for large enterprises. The large amount of surplus capital available in the country was used for investment in different industries and installing new factories, leading to the industrial development.
Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow:
"All these aspects brought about a tremendous change in England and that is why the term industrial Revolution was coined. These impulses towards change slowly spread, in various degrees, to other European countries in course of the 19th century. However, England was the model and in discussing the industrial Revolution, we shall pay special attention to the history of England."
(Source: https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/12887/1/Unit-8.pdf)
(a) Why was a peaceful atmosphere essential for industrialisation in England?
(b) How did the availability of raw materials like coal and iron facilitate industrial growth in England?
Answer
(a) The political and social stability also helped in the growth of industries. Many English people were patriotic and valued peace and order. Naval supremacy of England also kept her safe from external attacks. The Whig leaders, like Walpole, followed a policy of peace and kept away from European wars and thus saved England from the burden of costly wars. This peaceful atmosphere and political stability enabled England to develop her industries on a large scale.
(b) Iron and coal were available in England in large quantities and, moreover, the iron and coal mines were situated near each other. Iron was used in making machines and coal provided cheap fuel for running machines and factories. Both these factors helped in the development of industries.
How did the Industrial Revolution affect women and children in the workforce?
Answer
Women and children were often exploited. They had to work long hours and got low wages. They had to work for long hours in dirty, insanitary and ill-ventilated factories. But it had an adverse effect on their health and general well-being.
Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow:
"Until 1850's Britain was, we may note, almost self-sufficient in terms of foodgrains. Also, industrial growth meant urbanisation. The growth of the city's demand on the country side, especially for corn increased. Shortage of corn would cause problems in the city, especially with its unstable proletariat and the population that was employed occasionally or at regular intervals."
(Source: https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/12887/1/Unit-8.pdf)
(a) Why is surplus agricultural production necessary for industrialisation?
(b) How did industrialisation lead to urbanisation?
Answer
(a) Surplus agricultural production is necessary for industrialisation because it ensures a steady food supply for the growing urban population, particularly in cities where industrialisation is concentrated. As industries grow, so does the demand for food. A surplus ensures that food is available to feed the expanding urban population, which includes workers in factories and the transient proletariat. Without surplus agricultural production, food shortages could lead to social unrest and disrupt industrial growth.
(b) The introduction of machinery destroyed the domestic system of production. The growth of industries and the use of huge machines led to the establishment of factories. The people of villages shifted to towns and cities to get employment in the factories. This in turn led to the growth of new towns and cities in England such as Manchester, Birmingham, the Sheffield and Leeds. It made modern civilisation increasingly urban in character and the city life broadened people's outlook.
Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow:
"Socialism was a direct response to the Industrial Revolution, which brought enormous economic and social change to Great Britain and the rest of the world. As industrialists grew wealthy on the labor of workers who increasingly lived in poverty, socialism emerged as an alternative to capitalism, one that could improve life for the working class."
(Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/socialism.asp)
(a) How did the exploitation of workers lead to the growth of socialism?
(b) What were the core principles of socialism that challenged capitalism?
(c) Discuss the role of Karl Marx and Engels in promoting socialist ideas.
Answer
(a) The Industrial Revolution created a sharp divide between the wealthy industrialists and the working class. While factory owners gained significant profits, many workers faced long hours, low wages, and poor working conditions. This exploitation made people question the fairness of capitalism, which allowed such inequality. As a result, socialism emerged as a response, aiming to protect worker's rights, ensure fair distribution of wealth, and promote social justice. It grew as more people sought an economic system that valued the well-being of the majority over the profits of a few.
(b) The key principles of socialism were:
- It is opposed to private property or accumulation of capital in the hands of a few individuals.
- It demands a just and equal distribution of wealth amongst all.
- It is the demand of the working class.
(c) Karl Marx and his friend Frederick Engels played a key role in promoting socialist ideas through their writings. They co-authored the 'Communist Manifesto' and later wrote 'Das Kapital', where they discussed the ongoing class struggle between capitalists and workers. Marx believed that this struggle would eventually lead to the victory of the working class and the creation of a classless and stateless society. Their works laid the foundation for socialism and became influential in shaping labor movements worldwide.
The Napoleonic Wars indirectly influenced industrialisation in England. With reference to this, answer the following questions:
(a) How did England's political stability during the Napoleonic Wars support its industrial growth?
(b) What role did England's naval power play in sustaining its trade and economy during this period?
(c) How did the failure of the Continental System boost England's industrial and economic development?
Answer
(a) The political stability helped in the growth of industries. Many English people were patriotic and valued peace and order. Naval supremacy of England also kept her safe from external attacks. The Whig leaders, like Walpole, followed a policy of peace and kept away from European wars and thus saved England from the burden of costly wars. This peaceful atmosphere and political stability enabled England to develop her industries on a large scale.
(b) The English naval supremacy was also helpful in the development of industries. The articles manufactured in the English factories could be easily transported to the various parts of the world and sold profitably. Her navy, at the same time, helped her to prevent her European rivals from exploiting overseas markets.
(c) The failure of Napoleon's Continental System inadvertently boosted England's industrial and economic development. Although the system was designed to prevent the export of English goods to European countries, it ultimately failed in its goal. European nations, heavily dependent on English products, were forced to resort to smuggling to obtain them, keeping English commerce alive. Moreover, England's ability to import raw materials from its colonies and sell manufactured goods back to those colonies helped sustain its economy. The disruption caused by the Napoleonic Wars actually stimulated overseas trade, which fueled the growth of England's industries. Instead of damaging England's commerce and industry, the wars allowed for expanded global markets, furthering England's economic prosperity.
Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow:
The introduction of machinery destroyed the domestic system of production. The growth of industries and the use of huge machines led to the establishment of factories. The people of villages shifted to towns and cities to get employment in the factories.
(a) How did mechanisation lead to the decline of the domestic system of production?
(b) Explain the impact of industrialisation on rural migration and urbanisation.
(c) What were the challenges faced by people moving to industrial cities during this period?
Answer
(a) Mechanisation, through the introduction of machines, transformed production processes that were previously carried out at home, in what was known as the domestic system of production. As machines became larger and more efficient, they were better suited to operate in factories rather than in individual homes. This led to the shift from small-scale, home-based production to large-scale, factory-based production. Consequently, the domestic system of production, which relied on individual workers producing goods at home, was replaced by factory-based manufacturing, where machinery could be used to produce goods on a much larger scale.
(b) The growth of industries and the establishment of factories had a significant impact on migration patterns and urban development. As factories were established, many people from rural areas moved to towns and cities in search of employment in the new industrial settings. This led to a large-scale rural-to-urban migration. As more workers flocked to the cities for jobs, urbanisation increased, with towns and cities growing rapidly. The population shifted from being primarily rural to being more urban, as cities became the hubs of industrial activity.
(c) People moving to industrial cities during this period faced several challenges. The rapid growth of urban areas often led to overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions, as cities were not prepared for the influx of new residents. Many workers had to live in cramped, poorly constructed housing that lacked basic amenities. Additionally, the industrial cities were noisy, polluted, and often dangerous, with poor working conditions in the factories. Many people faced long hours and low wages in factory jobs, and the overall quality of life for new urban residents was difficult, with limited access to healthcare, education, and other services.