The Industrial Revolution first of all started in ............... .
- England
- France
- Denmark
- India
Answer
England
Reason — The Industrial Revolution first began in England because it had several favourable conditions, including a high demand for English goods, ample capital, political stability, naval supremacy, a vast colonial empire, abundant coal and iron, cheap labour, and skilled immigrant artisans.
Which Act laid down that children below 9 years could not be employed in factories?
- Factory Act, 1802
- Factory Act, 1833
- Factory Act, 1938
- Factory Act, 1819
Answer
Factory Act, 1833
Reason — The Factory Act of 1833 laid down that children below 9 years could not be employed, while children between 9 and 13 years were limited to 9-hour workdays.
Which statement is true about Napoleonic Wars?
(i) England remained aloof from rest of the continent.
(ii) England brought raw material from her colonies and sold in other European countries.
(iii) European countries were dependent on English Goods.
- Only (i) and (ii)
- Only (i)
- Only (i) and (iii)
- (i), (ii) and (iii)
Answer
Only (i) and (iii)
Reason — England remained aloof from the rest of the continent and carried on her economic activities undisturbed, so (i) is correct. European countries, being dependent on English goods, were forced to smuggle them, so (iii) is correct. Statement (ii) is wrong because England brought raw materials from her colonies and sold manufactured goods in those colonies.
Who called Industrial Revolution 'A mighty but silent upheaval'?
- Prof. Moon
- Hayes
- H.A. Davies
- Ramasay Muir
Answer
Ramasay Muir
Reason — This was the opinion of Ramasay Muir, as it transformed the economic, social, political and cultural life of people without any violence or bloodshed.
Which statement is/are correct?
(i) Industrial Revolution led to mass production of goods.
(ii) Industrial Revolution increased the national wealth.
- Only (i)
- Only (ii)
- Both (i) and (ii)
- None of them
Answer
Both (i) and (ii)
Reason — Both statements are correct because the Industrial Revolution led to the mass production of goods, which began to be sold in other countries, and this in turn increased the national wealth of the industrialised countries, particularly that of England.
Which factors led to growth in agriculture?
(i) Introduction of machinery.
(ii) Better seeds.
(iii) Drainage of wasteland.
(iv) High price of crops
- Only (i), (ii) and (iv)
- Only (ii), (iii) and (iv)
- Only (i), (ii) and (iii)
- (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Answer
Only (i), (ii) and (iii)
Reason — Statements (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct because the introduction of machinery, better seeds, new crops, the drainage of wasteland, the use of fertilisers and improvement in stock-breeding led to growth in agriculture. High price of crops (iv) is not mentioned in the chapter as a factor.
Identify the two classes that were in constant struggle as a result of the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution.
(i) Capitalists and workers
(ii) Socialists and Communists
(iii) Peasants and landlords
- Only (i)
- Only (ii) and (iii)
- Only (i) and (ii)
- Only (i), and (iii)
Answer
Only (i)
Reason — Only statement (i) is correct because the Industrial Revolution divided society into two classes, the capitalists and the workers, who were in constant struggle. The capitalists paid low wages and made workers labour for long hours, widening the gulf between the rich and the poor.
The term 'Industrial Revolution' denoted a series of tremendous changes in the field of industrial production.
Which of the following statements correctly describes the same?
- Large scale production in houses of mill workers
- Large scale production in factories with the aid of human hands
- Large scale production in factories with the aid of steam power for the sake of profit
- Proto-industrial production in cottages or shops of workers
Answer
Large scale production in factories with the aid of steam power for the sake of profit
Reason — According to H.A. Davies, the Industrial Revolution meant making things on a large scale in large factories with the aid of steam power, replacing the old cottage system. This system operated under capitalism, with profit as its central goal.
Identify the reason why did the Industrial Revolution first of all begin in England.
P: Colonial empire of England with colonies becoming sources of raw materials and markets for finished goods
Q: Iron and coal were available in England in large quantities in close proximity
R: Increase in national income
S: Development of banking
- P and Q
- P and R
- Q and R
- R and S
Answer
P and Q
Reason — P and Q are correct because a large colonial empire (a source of raw materials and a market for finished goods) and the availability of iron and coal in large quantities close to each other were among the causes that helped the Industrial Revolution begin in England. Increase in national income (R) and development of banking (S) were impacts of the Industrial Revolution, not causes of its beginning.
Read the two statements given below about the impact of Industrial Revolution. Select the option that shows the correct relationship between (A) and (B).
(A) : It was a mighty but silent upheaval.
(B) : It led to large scale production, massive urbanisation and capitalism without violence and bloodshed.
- (B) contradicts (A)
- (B) is the reason for (A)
- (A) is true but (B) is false
- (A) and (B) are independent of each other
Answer
(B) is the reason for (A)
Explanation — The Industrial Revolution was called 'a mighty but silent upheaval' because it brought about large-scale production, massive urbanisation and capitalism, yet, unlike other revolutions, it was not sudden or violent and did not involve bloodshed or the destruction of life and property. Hence (B) is the reason for (A).
Consider the two statements given below and select the option that shows the correct relationship between (A) and (R).
Assertion (A): Karl Marx and Engels collaborated in writing 'Communist Manifesto'.
Reason (R): It describes the class struggle and principles of communist philosophy.
- Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
- Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
- (A) is true but (R) is false
- (A) is false but (R) is true
Answer
Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
Explanation — It is true that Karl Marx and Frederick Engels collaborated in writing the 'Communist Manifesto', so (A) is correct. It is also true that the book describes the class struggle and the principles of communist philosophy, so (R) is correct. However, (R) merely describes the content of the book and does not explain why the two collaborated in writing it, so (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Consider the two statements given below and select the option that shows the correct relationship between (A) and (R).
Assertion (A): Industrial Revolution led to the rise of capitalism.
Reason (R): Factory owners accumulated huge amount of wealth.
- Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
- Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
- (A) is true but (R) is false
- (A) is false but (R) is true
Answer
Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Explanation — The Industrial Revolution gave rise to capitalism because machine production required capital. The wealth accumulated by factory owners came to be known as capital, and those who possessed it were called capitalists. Therefore, the accumulation of wealth by factory owners explains the rise of capitalism.
Read the following excerpt and answer the question that follows:
"In the modern world, the, first industrial nation that emerged was England and the process was called 'Revolution' because of several reasons."
(Source: https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/12887/1/Unit-8.pdf)
What is meant by the term "Industrial Revolution"?
Answer
The Industrial Revolution is a term which is used to express the change responsible for the adoption of the system of making things on a large scale in large factories with the aid of steam power, as opposed to the old system, which was generally followed up to the middle of the 18th century, of making goods in cottages or shops of workers.
Name two raw materials that contributed significantly to industrialisation in England.
Answer
Iron and coal were available in England in large quantities and contributed significantly to industrialisation in England.
What was the main aim of the Factory Acts?
Answer
The main aim of the Factory Acts was to improve the condition of the factory workers.
What was the main source of power during the Industrial Revolution?
Answer
Steam power was the main source of power used to run the factory machines during the Industrial Revolution.
Define the term "capitalism."
Answer
Capitalism is the system in which production is carried on with the help of capital for earning profit. Those who possess capital are called capitalists.
Name two individuals associated with the rise of socialism.
Answer
Two individuals associated with the rise of socialism are — Karl Marx (1818-83) and Frederick Engels (1820-95).
How did the Napoleonic Wars impact English industry?
Answer
The Napoleonic Wars had a positive impact on English industry. While Napoleon's Continental System aimed to block English goods, it failed. England continued its economic activities, importing raw materials from colonies and selling manufactured goods. European countries, dependent on English products, smuggled them in, which helped boost England’s overseas trade and industrial growth.
Which towns in England grew rapidly due to the Industrial Revolution?
Answer
The towns of Manchester, Birmingham, Sheffield and Leeds grew rapidly due to the Industrial Revolution.
Mention any two negative effects of the Industrial Revolution on workers.
Answer
Two negative effects of the Industrial Revolution on workers are:
- Factory workers had to work for long hours for very low pay. Women and children were exploited.
- Workers faced unsafe conditions, which caused injuries and stress.
Explain the significance of banking and capital during the Industrial Revolution.
Answer
England had substantial capital available for large enterprises, largely due to its colonial trade and banking systems. The surplus capital was used for investment in different industries and installing new factories.
Describe any two changes brought about in agriculture during the Industrial Revolution.
Answer
Two changes brought about in agriculture during the Industrial Revolution are:
- Introduction of machinery, better seeds, new crops, the drainage of wasteland led to growth in agriculture.
- The farmers produced not only grains but also cash crops on a large scale and became very wealthy.
How did the availability of capital facilitate the rise of industries?
Answer
England had substantial capital available for large enterprises. The large amount of surplus capital available in the country was used for investment in different industries and installing new factories, leading to the industrial development.
Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow:
"All these aspects brought about a tremendous change in England and that is why the term industrial Revolution was coined. These impulses towards change slowly spread, in various degrees, to other European countries in course of the 19th century. However, England was the model and in discussing the industrial Revolution, we shall pay special attention to the history of England."
(Source: https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/12887/1/Unit-8.pdf)
(a) Why was a peaceful atmosphere essential for industrialisation in England?
(b) How did the availability of raw materials like coal and iron facilitate industrial growth in England?
Answer
(a) The political and social stability also helped in the growth of industries. Many English people were patriotic and valued peace and order. Naval supremacy of England also kept her safe from external attacks. The Whig leaders, like Walpole, followed a policy of peace and kept away from European wars and thus saved England from the burden of costly wars. This peaceful atmosphere and political stability enabled England to develop her industries on a large scale.
(b) Iron and coal were available in England in large quantities and, moreover, the iron and coal mines were situated near each other. Iron was used in making machines and coal provided cheap fuel for running machines and factories. Both these factors helped in the development of industries.
How did the Industrial Revolution affect women and children in the workforce?
Answer
Women and children were often exploited. They had to work long hours and got low wages. They had to work for long hours in dirty, insanitary and ill-ventilated factories. But it had an adverse effect on their health and general well-being.
Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow:
"Until 1850's Britain was, we may note, almost self-sufficient in terms of foodgrains. Also, industrial growth meant urbanisation. The growth of the city's demand on the country side, especially for corn increased. Shortage of corn would cause problems in the city, especially with its unstable proletariat and the population that was employed occasionally or at regular intervals."
(Source: https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/12887/1/Unit-8.pdf)
(a) Why is surplus agricultural production necessary for industrialisation?
(b) How did industrialisation lead to urbanisation?
Answer
(a) Surplus agricultural production is necessary for industrialisation because it ensures a steady food supply for the growing urban population, particularly in cities where industrialisation is concentrated. As industries grow, so does the demand for food. A surplus ensures that food is available to feed the expanding urban population, which includes workers in factories and the transient proletariat. Without surplus agricultural production, food shortages could lead to social unrest and disrupt industrial growth.
(b) The introduction of machinery destroyed the domestic system of production. The growth of industries and the use of huge machines led to the establishment of factories. The people of villages shifted to towns and cities to get employment in the factories. This in turn led to the growth of new towns and cities in England such as Manchester, Birmingham, the Sheffield and Leeds. It made modern civilisation increasingly urban in character and the city life broadened people's outlook.
Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow:
"Socialism was a direct response to the Industrial Revolution, which brought enormous economic and social change to Great Britain and the rest of the world. As industrialists grew wealthy on the labor of workers who increasingly lived in poverty, socialism emerged as an alternative to capitalism, one that could improve life for the working class."
(Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/socialism.asp)
(a) How did the exploitation of workers lead to the growth of socialism?
(b) What were the core principles of socialism that challenged capitalism?
(c) Discuss the role of Karl Marx and Engels in promoting socialist ideas.
Answer
(a) The Industrial Revolution divided society into two classes—the capitalists and the workers. The capitalists accumulated wealth while workers had to work for long hours for low wages. Women and children were also exploited. This widened the gulf between the rich and the poor. As a result, socialism emerged in opposition to capitalism and demanded a just and equal distribution of wealth.
(b) The key principles of socialism were:
- It is opposed to private property or accumulation of capital in the hands of a few individuals.
- It demands a just and equal distribution of wealth amongst all.
- It is the demand of the working class.
(c) Karl Marx and his friend Frederick Engels played a key role in promoting socialist ideas through their writings. They co-authored the 'Communist Manifesto' and later wrote 'Das Kapital', where they discussed the ongoing class struggle between capitalists and workers. Marx believed that this struggle would eventually lead to the victory of the working class and the creation of a classless and stateless society.
The Napoleonic Wars indirectly influenced industrialisation in England. With reference to this, answer the following questions:
(a) How did England's political stability during the Napoleonic Wars support its industrial growth?
(b) What role did England's naval power play in sustaining its trade and economy during this period?
(c) How did the failure of the Continental System boost England's industrial and economic development?
Answer
(a) The political stability helped in the growth of industries. Many English people were patriotic and valued peace and order. Naval supremacy of England also kept her safe from external attacks. The Whig leaders, like Walpole, followed a policy of peace and kept away from European wars and thus saved England from the burden of costly wars. This peaceful atmosphere and political stability enabled England to develop her industries on a large scale.
(b) The English naval supremacy was also helpful in the development of industries. The articles manufactured in the English factories could be easily transported to the various parts of the world and sold profitably. Her navy, at the same time, helped her to prevent her European rivals from exploiting overseas markets.
(c) The failure of Napoleon's Continental System inadvertently boosted England's industrial and economic development. Although the system was designed to prevent the export of English goods to European countries, it ultimately failed in its goal. European nations, heavily dependent on English products, were forced to resort to smuggling to obtain them, keeping English commerce alive. Moreover, England's ability to import raw materials from its colonies and sell manufactured goods back to those colonies helped sustain its economy. The disruption caused by the Napoleonic Wars actually stimulated overseas trade, which fueled the growth of England's industries. Instead of damaging England's commerce and industry, the wars allowed for expanded global markets, furthering England's economic prosperity.
Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow:
The introduction of machinery destroyed the domestic system of production. The growth of industries and the use of huge machines led to the establishment of factories. The people of villages shifted to towns and cities to get employment in the factories.
(a) How did mechanisation lead to the decline of the domestic system of production?
(b) Explain the impact of industrialisation on rural migration and urbanisation.
(c) What were the challenges faced by people moving to industrial cities during this period?
Answer
(a) Mechanisation, through the introduction of machines, transformed production processes that were previously carried out at home, in what was known as the domestic system of production. As machines became larger and more efficient, they were better suited to operate in factories rather than in individual homes. This led to the shift from small-scale, home-based production to large-scale, factory-based production. Consequently, the domestic system of production, which relied on individual workers producing goods at home, was replaced by factory-based manufacturing, where machinery could be used to produce goods on a much larger scale.
(b) The growth of industries and the establishment of factories had a significant impact on migration patterns and urban development. As factories were established, many people from rural areas moved to towns and cities in search of employment in the new industrial settings. This led to a large-scale rural-to-urban migration. As more workers flocked to the cities for jobs, urbanisation increased, with towns and cities growing rapidly. The population shifted from being primarily rural to being more urban, as cities became the hubs of industrial activity.
(c) People moving to industrial cities during this period faced several challenges. The rapid growth of urban areas often led to overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions, as cities were not prepared for the influx of new residents. Many workers had to live in cramped, poorly constructed housing that lacked basic amenities. Additionally, the industrial cities were noisy, polluted, and often dangerous, with poor working conditions in the factories. Many people faced long hours and low wages in factory jobs, and the overall quality of life for new urban residents was difficult, with limited access to healthcare, education, and other services.