History & Civics
Nationalism refers to the feeling of oneness that emerges when people consider themselves as one nation. With reference to the growth of nationalism, answer the following:
(i) Name the founder of the Indian National Congress. Mention any two of its objectives.
(ii) How did the press contribute to the growth of nationalism?
(iii) Mention any four repressive policies of Lord Lytton.
Nationalism Growth
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Answer
(i) Allan Octavian Hume was the founder of the Indian National Congress.
Two objectives of the Indian National Congress were:
- To develop and consolidate the feelings of national unity irrespective of caste, religion or province.
- To formulate popular demands and present them before the government.
(ii) Many Newspapers and magazines were brought out in vernacular languages. These played a significant role in developing a strong national sentiment among Indians. The press served as a crucial medium for disseminating information and raising awareness about socio-political issues. It helped spread modern ideas of self-government, democracy, civil rights etc. The press fostered national unity by spreading ideas and information that united people towards the common goal of independence. It popularized the ideas of nationalist organizations and leader.
(iii) Four repressive policies of Lord Lytton were:
- Vernacular Press Act — This act, enacted in 1878, forbade vernacular papers to publish any material that might incite feelings of dissatisfaction against the British Government. This act was not applicable to English newspapers.
- Arms Act — The Arms Act of 1878 made it a criminal offence for Indians to carry arms without licence. This act did not apply to British.
- Famine Policies — Lord Lytton’s handling of the Great Indian Famine of 1876-1878 has been heavily criticized. Despite the famine, he convened a grand durbar to proclaim Queen Victoria as the Empress of India.
- Removal of import duties — Lord Lytton removed import duties on cotton textiles for the benefit of British cloth industry at the cost of nascent Indian textile industry.
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Read the excerpt given below and answer the questions that follow-
The movement had generated worldwide publicity, and British were looking for a way to end it. Gandhiji was released from custody in January 1931, and the two men began negotiating the terms of the pact. For many conservatives in England, the meetings and talks seemed unacceptable. They thought it was inappropriate for the Viceroy, who was the representative of the British Monarch, to receive their arch-enemy. Gandhiji was authorised by the then President of the Congress, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, to negotiate with the Viceroy. He advised the nation to wait, watch, pray and hope for a better prospect for India. He was full of admiration for the people, their heroic struggle and hard suffering.
(Source: The Hindu)
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