Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow:

"All these aspects brought about a tremendous change in England and that is why the term industrial Revolution was coined. These impulses towards change slowly spread, in various degrees, to other European countries in course of the 19th century. However, England was the model and in discussing the industrial Revolution, we shall pay special attention to the history of England."

(Source: https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/12887/1/Unit-8.pdf)

(a) Why was a peaceful atmosphere essential for industrialisation in England?

(b) How did the availability of raw materials like coal and iron facilitate industrial growth in England?

(a) The political and social stability also helped in the growth of industries. Many English people were patriotic and valued peace and order. Naval supremacy of England also kept her safe from external attacks. The Whig leaders, like Walpole, followed a policy of peace and kept away from European wars and thus saved England from the burden of costly wars. This peaceful atmosphere and political stability enabled England to develop her industries on a large scale.

(b) Iron and coal were available in England in large quantities and, moreover, the iron and coal mines were situated near each other. Iron was used in making machines and coal provided cheap fuel for running machines and factories. Both these factors helped in the development of industries.