Renaissance brought in a spirit of enquiry among the people of Europe. In this context, answer the following question:

(a) Explain briefly the role of original thinkers in promoting the spirit of enquiry among the people of Europe.

(b) How did the development of science create the spirit of enquiry?

(c) What was the role of Crusades in ushering in the spirit of enquiry?

(a) During the Medieval Age, the Church discouraged original thinking and called upon scholars to put faith in the Church dogmas. However, original thinking could not be suppressed for a long time and certain bold and independent thinkers criticised the Church and asked the people to develop their own thinking. They developed a spirit of enquiry and a sense of curiosity among the people. They taught human beings to know the Why and How of things. Thinkers like Roger Bacon, Abelard, Thomas Aquinas revolutionised the thought process and laid stress on reasoning.

(b) Certain medieval scholars showed a scientific attitude and asked their students to observe things in nature. This brought in many new inventions and discoveries. Development of science created the spirit of enquiry and scientific temper. Roger Bacon contemplated the use of horseless carriages and flying machines. Copernicus proved that the Earth moves around the Sun. Galileo invented the telescope. These inventions broadened the mental outlook of the people and put an end to the old beliefs and traditions.

(c) The Crusades were the religious expeditionary wars with the goal of restoring the Church's access to holy places in and near Jerusalem. They brought the people of Europe into direct contact with the people of Asia. The Crusades brought to Western Europe ideas from the East. It widened their outlook on life. People began to rely on reason rather than on blind faith.