Assertion (A): Hardness of water is removed by boiling.

Reason (R): Water contains dissolved calcium and magnesium chlorides.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Name:

(a) The solute and solvent in sugar solution.

(b) The characteristic property which makes water the universal solvent.

(c) A substance whose solubility shows an anomalous behaviour.

(d) A substance whose solubility rapidly increases with the temperature.

Name the substances which give water:

(a) temporary hardness

(b) permanent hardness

Name the three methods by which hydrous substances can be made anhydrous.