How did the availability of capital facilitate the rise of industries?

Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow:

"All these aspects brought about a tremendous change in England and that is why the term industrial Revolution was coined. These impulses towards change slowly spread, in various degrees, to other European countries in course of the 19th century. However, England was the model and in discussing the industrial Revolution, we shall pay special attention to the history of England."

(Source: https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/12887/1/Unit-8.pdf)

(a) Why was a peaceful atmosphere essential for industrialisation in England?

(b) How did the availability of raw materials like coal and iron facilitate industrial growth in England?

Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow:

"Until 1850's Britain was, we may note, almost self-sufficient in terms of foodgrains. Also, industrial growth meant urbanisation. The growth of the city's demand on the country side, especially for corn increased. Shortage of corn would cause problems in the city, especially with its unstable proletariat and the population that was employed occasionally or at regular intervals."

(Source: https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/12887/1/Unit-8.pdf)

(a) Why is surplus agricultural production necessary for industrialisation?

(b) How did industrialisation lead to urbanisation?

Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow:

"Socialism was a direct response to the Industrial Revolution, which brought enormous economic and social change to Great Britain and the rest of the world. As industrialists grew wealthy on the labor of workers who increasingly lived in poverty, socialism emerged as an alternative to capitalism, one that could improve life for the working class."

(Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/socialism.asp)

(a) How did the exploitation of workers lead to the growth of socialism?

(b) What were the core principles of socialism that challenged capitalism?

(c) Discuss the role of Karl Marx and Engels in promoting socialist ideas.