History & Civics
Nationalism refers to the feeling of oneness that emerges when people consider themselves as one nation. With reference to the growth of nationalism, answer the following:
(i) Name the first President of the Congress. Mention any two of its objectives.
(ii) The press played an important role in the growth of Indian Nationalism. Thus, the British saw the need for curbs on the press. Mention any three points to analyse the role of the press in the growth of nationalism.
(iii) Lord Lytton's repressive policies led to the growth of Nationalism. Mention any four policies enforced by him.
Nationalism Growth
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Answer
(i) The first President of the Indian National Congress was W.C. Bonnerjee. Two objectives of the Indian National Congress are given below:
- To promote friendly relations between nationalist political workers from different parts of the country.
- To formulate popular demands and present them before the government.
(ii) The press played an important role in the growth of Indian Nationalism in the following ways:
- The press helped spread the ideals of patriotism, modern liberal ideas of liberty, freedom, and equality.
- The Press criticised the British policies, and made the Indians aware of the happenings in the world.
- The Press helped Indians exchange views, and played an important role in the Indian freedom struggle.
(iii) Four repressive policies enforced by Lord Lytton that led to the rise of nationalism were:
- Vernacular Press Act (1878) – This Act banned Indian-language newspapers from publishing anti-British content, curbing freedom of expression. English newspapers were exempt.
- Indian Arms Act (1878) – Indians were prohibited from possessing arms without a licence, while Europeans faced no such restriction, highlighting racial discrimination.
- ICS Age Limit Reduction – The maximum age limit for the Indian Civil Service exam was reduced from 21 to 19. Since the exam was held in London, this move made it harder for Indians to qualify.
- Removal of Cotton Import Duties – Import duties on British cotton textiles were abolished, harming India's textile industry and causing economic distress among Indian weavers.
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