History & Civics
Look at the picture given and answer the following questions:
(i) Describe the incident depicted in the cartoon.
(ii) Mention any three points to analyse how Europe was rearranged as a consequence of the war caused by this incident.
(iii) The Germans described the Treaty of Versailles as harsh and humiliating. Give any four reasons that justify this statement.
1ˢᵗ World War
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Answer
(i) The incident depicted in the cartoon is known as the Sarjevo Crisis, which was the immediate cause of the World War I.
Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated on June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo by members of the Serbian secret society 'Union of Death'. Austria sent an ultimatum with 11 demands to Serbia; Serbia accepted most but rejected those affecting its sovereignty. Austria declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914, marking the start of the First World War.
(ii) The World War I gave a serious blow to the autocratic monarchial system and led to the development of democracy in Europe.
Austria and Hungary became separate independent States. Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia emerged as independent States.
European supremacy came to an end. The United States surpassed Europe economically and militarily. Ruling dynasties of Europe were destroyed, the Hohenzollern in Germany and the Hapsburg in Austria-Hungary.
The political instability and economic crisis in post-war Europe led to the rise of dictatorships in countries like Germany and Italy, where people turned to totalitarian rule for stability and national revival.
(iii) The Treaty of Versailles was signed to prevent Germany from going to war again. So, its terms were extremely harsh and humiliating towards Germany.
- Germany was declared guilty of aggression and had to pay war reparation of 33 billion dollars.
- The Saar coal mines were given to France for 15 years and the area was to be governed by the League of Nations.
- The area of the Rhine valley was demilitarized and the German territory west of Rhine was to be occupied by the Allied troops for 15 years.
- The German Army was restricted to a force of 1,00,000 soldiers and the Navy was limited to 15,000 men and 24 ships. The Air Force and submarines were banned.
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— The Marion (Ohio) Star [Edited]
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