With reference to the given pictures, answer the questions that follow:

(a) Identify the two preachers, whose images are given. Name the religions founded by them.

(b) Mention three main teachings of each of the two religions founded by these preachers.

(c) Mention any two similarities and two dissimilarities between the two religions founded by them.

(a) The given images and religion founded by them are:

• A → Mahavira. He founded Jainism.
• B → Gautama Buddha. He founded Buddhism.

(b) Three main teachings of Buddhism are:

1. Karma — Buddhism believed in the theory of Karma. It said that man is the maker of his own destiny and it believed in rebirth.
2. Nirvana — The ultimate goal of life is to attain Nirvana or Salvation which is freedom from the cycle of birth and death.
3. Ahimsa — Buddhism insisted on the path of non-violence.

Three main teachings of Jainism are:

1. The Five Vows — A Jain householder has to take the following five vows:
   1. Ahimsa: Non-violence
   2. Achaurya or Asteya: Not stealing
   3. Satya: Not telling a lie
   4. Aparigraha: Not possessing property
   5. Brahmacharya: practising chastity
2. Nine truths — According to Jainism ,the knowledge of Nine Truths is essential and only renunciation is the shortest way to salvation. These nine truths are:
   1. Jiva (Living Things)
   2. Ajiva (non-living things)
   3. Punya (results of good deeds)
   4. Pap (sin)
   5. Ashrav (good deeds)
   6. Sanvar (hindrances in the way of karma)
   7. Bandha (bondage)
   8. Nirjara (destruction of karmas)
   9. Moksha (salvation)
3. Karma — Jainism believed in the theory of Karma. It preached that one should be responsible for one's own Karma or actions. Good deeds alone liberate a man from the cycle of life and death.

(c) Similarities:

1. The founders of both the religions belonged to Kshatriya clan and followed the similar path of renunciation.
2. Both of them did not accept the Vedas.

Dissimilarities:

1. Buddhism was completely new religion in 6th century BC while Jainism was founded long before Mahavira.
2. Buddhism followed a middle path but Jainism believed in hard penance.