History & Civics
With reference to the Modern Age in Europe, answer the following questions:
(a) How did the invention of the Printing Press lead to the rise of the Renaissance in Europe?
(b) State any three contributions of Martin Luther in reforming the Church in Europe.
(c) Mention any two differences between 'Capitalism' and 'Socialism'.
Industrial Revolution
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Answer
(a) In the Middle Ages, books were few and they were beyond the reach of the ordinary people. The Printing Press enabled Europe to multiply books and put them within the reach of people. Printing and distribution of books influenced people's attitude to life and brought about a new awakening in Europe and hence the rise of the Renaissance in Europe.
(b) The contribution of Martin Luther in reforming the church in Europe were following:
- Luther translated the Bible into German and set up an independent church.
- He traveled extensively to different parts of Europe, Germany, Norway, Sweden and Denmark. The Protestant movement found wide acceptance.
- Lutheranism was recognised as a legal form of Christianity by a treaty known as 'The Peace of Augsburg' in 1555.
(c) Two differences between 'Capitalism' and 'Socialism' are:
| Sl. No. | Capitalism | Socialism |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Capitalism refers to the economic system in which the means of production like labour, raw material, tools and machines are owned by private individuals or groups of them for profit. | Socialism refers to the economic system in which the government owns and controls the means of production (as factories) and distribution of goods. |
| 2 | In Capitalism production is for profit; useful goods and services are a by-product of pursuing profit. | In Socialism production is for use; useful goods and services are produced specifically for their usefulness. |
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