Tissues: Plant and Animal Tissues

What are the two basic types of plant tissues?

Answer

The two basic types of plant tissues are:

1. Meristematic tissue
2. Permanent tissue

Give the technical terms for the following:

1. The category of plant tissues that have lost their ability to multiply.
2. The kind of plant cells with thin walls and usually a single large vacuole.
3. Elongated cells which are thickened at the corners.
4. The two types of tissues which provide the upward movement of water and dissolved food materials from the roots/leaves to other parts of the plant.

Answer

1. Permanent tissue.
2. Parenchyma.
3. Collenchyma.
4. Xylem and Phloem.

Mention if the following statements are true (T) or false (F)

1. Phloem cells carry manufactured food from leaves to other parts.
2. Veins of leaves have both xylem and phloem.
3. The older xylem tissue does not participate in transport.
4. The sclerenchyma consists of actively dividing cells.

Answer

1. True
2. True
3. True
4. False
   Corrected statement — The sclerenchyma consists of dead cells with thick walls.

Name the kind of animal tissue in which

1. Cells are flat, cuboidal or columnar, forming protective layer.
2. Cells produce and pour out chemical substances.
3. Cells can contract and relax.
4. Cells can conduct impulses.

Answer

1. Epithelial tissue
2. Glandular epithelium
3. Muscular tissue
4. Nervous tissue

Give one example of each of the following tissues where they are located.

1. Ciliated columnar epithelium
2. Elastic cartilage
3. Unstriated muscles

Answer

1. Trachea (windpipe)
2. Pinna of the ear
3. Iris of the eye

Write one speciality each of the following :

1. Cartilage
2. Bone
3. Striated muscle
4. Cardiac muscle

Answer

1. They are elastic.
2. It is hard and porous tissue with good supply of blood vessels and nerve cells.
3. They are voluntary muscles.
4. They do not get tired.

Mention if the following statements are true (T) or false (F)

1. Axons of nerve cells are very long.
2. Dendrons bundled together form a nerve.
3. Cardiac muscles get tired soon.
4. Epithelial cells leave space in between.
5. Perikaryon is the nucleus of a nerve cell.
6. Muscles of the iris of the eye are of voluntary type.
7. Cartilage has no blood vessels or the nerves in it.

Answer

1. True
2. False
   Corrected Statement — Axons bundled together form a nerve.
3. False
   Corrected Statement — Cardiac muscles do not get tired.
4. False
   Corrected Statement — Epithelial cells leave no space in between.
5. False
   Corrected Statement — Perikaryon is the cell body of a nerve cell.
6. False
   Corrected Statement — Muscles of the iris of the eye are of involuntary type.
7. True

In potato, starch is stored in :

1. Sclerenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Parenchyma
4. Chlorenchyma

Answer

Parenchyma

Reason — Parenchyma tissue stores food, as in potatoes.
Sclerenchyma provides mechanical support. Collenchyma provides flexible support to growing parts like stems and leaves. Chlorenchyma performs photosynthesis.

Tendons and ligaments are examples of :

1. Cartilage
2. Muscular tissue
3. Fibrous connective tissue
4. Adipose tissue

Answer

Fibrous connective tissue

Reason — Tendons and ligaments are fibrous connective tissue connecting muscle to bone and bone to bone respectively.
Tendons and ligaments are not cartilage. Cartilage is a supporting connective tissue. Tendons and ligaments are not muscle tissue. Muscular tissue is responsible for movement. Adipose tissue is not related to tendons or ligaments. It stores fat.

Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched?

1. Meristem — Actively dividing cells
2. Xylem — Transport of food
3. Phloem — Transport of water
4. Sclerenchyma — Storage of starch

Answer

Meristem — Actively dividing cells

Reason — Meristems are actively dividing cells found at the growing regions of a plant.
Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to other parts of the plant. Phloem transports food made during photosynthesis. Sclerenchyma provides mechanical support.

Parenchyma containing chloroplasts is known as:

1. Parenchyma
2. Aerenchyma
3. Collenchyma
4. Chlorenchyma

Answer

Chlorenchyma

Reason — Parenchyma containing chloroplasts is called chlorenchyma and performs photosynthesis.
Aerenchyma is modified parenchyma with large air spaces but not related to chloroplasts. Collenchyma provides flexible support to growing parts.

Annual rings are the number of :

1. Internodes in a stem
2. Rings of vascular bundles in a monocot stem.
3. Bark layers in a woody stem.
4. Layers of Xylem in a stem.

Answer

Layers of Xylem in a stem.

Reason — Older xylem forms wood and does not take part in transport. The annual rings seen in woody stems are formed due to successive layers of xylem.
Internodes are segments between two nodes. Monocot stems have scattered vascular bundles, not rings. Bark is the outer protective covering of stems. It does not form annual rings.

Which of the following cells in plants are said to be dead ?

1. Meristem
2. Parenchyma
3. Collenchyma
4. Sclerenchyma

Answer

Sclerenchyma

Reason — Sclerenchyma cells are dead at maturity and have lignified walls.
Meristematic cells are actively dividing. Parenchyma cells are living and thin-walled. Collenchyma cells are living and have unevenly thickened walls.

Which of the following connects a muscle to a bone?

1. Cartilage
2. Ligament
3. Tendon
4. Interstitial fluid

Answer

Tendon

Reason — Tendons are connective tissues that connect muscles to bones.
Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in the nose, ear and joints. Ligaments connect bone to bone. Interstitial fluid is the fluid present between cells.

Which of the following tissues is richly found in the tear gland ?

1. Ciliated epithelium
2. Cuboidal epithelium
3. Squamous epithelium
4. Glandular epithelium

Answer

Glandular epithelium

Reason — The cells that release secretion, consist of Glandular epithelium.

Which one of the following tissues helps in the growth of plants lengthwise?

1. Lateral meristem
2. Apical meristem
3. Parenchyma
4. Collenchyma

Answer

Apical meristem

Reason — Apical meristem helps in the growth of plants lengthwise.
Lateral meristem is responsible for increase in thickness in plants. Parenchyma helps in storage, photosynthesis, repair. Collenchyma provides flexible support to growing parts of the plant.

Cardiac muscle is:

1. Involuntary
2. Smooth
3. Striated
4. Involuntary and Striated.

Answer

Involuntary and Striated.

Reason — Cardiac muscle is involuntary in function. Its fibres are striated, uninucleate and branched.

Animals have two kinds of supportive connective tissue. The type which has a good supply of blood vessels and nerves is (P) ............... whereas the one which has no blood vessels or nerves is (Q) ............... .

1. P — Cartilage, Q — Bone
2. P — Areolar tissue, Q — Adipose tissue
3. P — Adipose tissue, Q — Areolar tissue
4. P — Bone, Q — Cartilage

Answer

P — Bone, Q — Cartilage

Reason — Bone is a supportive connective tissue with a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves, whereas cartilage lacks blood vessels and nerves.
Areolar tissue and adipose tissue are loose connective tissues, not supporting skeletal tissues.

A biology teacher asked her students to give two specific characteristic features of cardiac muscles.

Neeta said: Striated and involuntary.
Nitesh said: Unstriated and unbranched.
Isha said: Striated and branched.
Kabeer said: Unstriated and voluntary.

Who were correct?

1. Neeta and Nitesh
2. Neeta and Isha
3. Isha and Kabeer
4. Nitesh and Kabeer

Answer

Neeta and Isha

Reason — Cardiac muscles are striated (having light and dark bands), involuntary (works without conscious control) and branched.

Deepali tried to match the kind of supporting tissues in plants with their characteristic features.
She tabulated the pairs as follows:

Identify P and Q

1. P — Collenchyma, Q — Sclerenchyma
2. P — Sclerenchyma, Q — Collenchyma
3. P — Parenchyma, Q — Sclerenchyma
4. P — Collenchyma, Q — Parenchyma

Answer

P — Sclerenchyma, Q — Collenchyma

Reason — Sclerenchyma is made of dead cells. Cell walls are thickened with lignin, making them rigid and supportive. Collenchyma is made of living cells and are elongated. Cell walls are unevenly thickened at the corners, providing flexible support.
Parenchyma cells are living and has thin, uniform cell walls.

Which of the following does not belong to the connective tissue proper of animals ?

1. Areolar tissue
2. Cartilage
3. Adipose tissue
4. Ligament

Answer

Cartilage

Reason — Cartilage is a supporting or skeletal connective tissue, not connective tissue proper.
Areolar tissue and adipose tissue are connective tissue proper, and ligament is a fibrous connective tissue.

Given below is the structure of a specific cell found in the body of animals and humans. Read the information below the diagram and fill in the blanks:

The above mentioned cell is found in all the part of body but richly located in the brain and spinal cord. The tissue formed by these cells is concerned with the perception and responses of animals.

The cell shown above is the basic structural and functional unit of the (a) ............... . Each cell consists of a round or oval body, called (b) ............... containing the nucleus. It has one or more elongated hair-like extensions called (c) ............... or ............... . One of these extensions is very long and is termed as (d) ............... . Many of these extensions are bundled together to form a (e) ............... .

Answer

The cell shown above is the basic structural and functional unit of the Nervous system . Each cell consists of a round or oval body, called Cell body containing the nucleus. It has one or more elongated hair-like extensions called Dendrites or Nerve fibers . One of these extensions is very long and is termed as Axon . Many of these extensions are bundled together to form a Nerve .

Name the kind of tissue found

1. At the tip of plant roots
2. At the lower surface of leaf
3. In the inner lining of intestine
4. At the joint between two long bones
5. In the walls of the veins of leaves
6. As gritty masses in the skin of pears

Answer

1. The apical meristem is present at the tip of plant roots.
2. The epidermis , is found on the lower surface of leaf.
3. The intestinal epithelium is present in the inner lining of the intestine.
4. Ligament is present at the joint between the two bones.
5. Conducting tissue (vascular bundles) is present in the walls of the veins of leaves.
6. Sclerenchyma is the tissue found as gritty masses in the skin of pears.

Where is the least specialized tissue located in plants

Answer

The least specialized tissue in plants is located in roots, fruits and stem of the plant. It is known as the Parenchyma.

Give one word for each of the following:

1. A group of similar cells performing a specific function.
2. Cells least specialized in the plants.
3. Cells responsible for increase in diameter of the stem and root of dicot plants.

Answer

1. Tissue
2. Parenchyma
3. Cambium

Name one place each in living organisms where the following tissues are located:

1. Meristematic tissue
2. Cartilage
3. Squamous epithelium
4. Sclerenchyma
5. Ciliated epithelium
6. Ligament

Answer

1. Tip of roots
2. Tip of the nose
3. Found lining the nasal and mouth cavities, blood vessels
4. Veins and stems of leaves
5. Lining of wind pipe
6. The ACL attaches the thighbone to the shinbone

Name the kinds of cells found in the following places:

1. Salivary gland
2. Brain
3. Surface of the human skin
4. Inner lining of the wind pipe

Answer

1. The cells present in the salivary gland are cuboidal epithelium cells.
2. The cells present in the brain are Neuron.
3. The cells present in the surface of the human skin are simple epithelium cells.
4. The cells present in the inner lining of the wind pipe are ciliated columnar epithelium cells.

Name any one body part where ciliated epithelium is found in humans? What is its function?

Answer

We find ciliated epithelium tissue in the lining of the trachea.

Ciliated epithelium is a thin tissue that has hair-like structures on it. These hairs called cilia move back and forth to help move particles out of our body.

Define the terms:

1. Tissue
2. Organ
3. Organ system
4. Lymph
5. Neuron

Answer

1. A tissue is group of similar cells performing a specific function.
2. Several tissues together contributing to some specific function inside the body, constitute an organ.
3. Group of organs performing specific life function is called organ system.
4. Lymph is the fluid surrounding the body cells. It is essentially the blood plasma that has oozed out of the blood vessels. It contains white blood cells.
5. Neuron (nerve cells) are the fundamental units of the nervous system specialized to transmit information in the form of electrical impulses to different parts of the body.

Write the specific locations of the following tissues in plants/animals.

1. Sclerenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Ciliated columnar epithelium
4. Cardiac muscles

Answer

1. Stems and veins of the leaves.
2. Leaf stalks and below the epidermis of stems.
3. The trachea.
4. Heart.

List the tissues found in the human heart?

Answer

The tissues found in the human heart are:

1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Nervous tissue
4. Muscular tissue

Can you consider a cluster of eggs as a tissue? Why?

Answer

No, we cannot consider a cluster of eggs as a tissue. A tissue is a group of cells having a common origin and performing a common function. A cluster of eggs is not a tissue since each egg has individual function and they don't function as a group.

Name the three kinds of muscles found in the human body. In each case, name one region in the body where they are found.

Answer

The three kinds of muscles found in the human body are -

1. Skeletal muscle – They are found in biceps
2. Smooth muscle – Intestines and stomach
3. Cardiac muscle – Heart

Distinguish between following pairs with reference to what is asked in the brackets.

(a) Parenchyma and Collenchyma (cellular structure)

(b) Meristematic and Permanent tissue (cell division)

(c) Blood and Lymph (cellular components)

(d) Bone and Cartilage (porosity)

(e) Voluntary and Involuntary muscles (shape and cellular structure)

Answer

(a) Difference between Parenchyma and Collenchyma (cellular structure):

(b) Difference between Meristematic and Permanent tissue (cell division):

(c) Difference between Blood and Lymph (cellular components):

(d) Difference between Bone and Cartilage (porosity):

(e) Difference between Voluntary and Involuntary muscles (shape and cellular structure):

What is the difference between-

1. Cell and tissue?
2. Organ and organism?
3. Organ and organelle?
4. Organ and organ system?

Answer

1. Cell and Tissue

2. Organ and Organism

3. Organ and Organelle

4. Organ and Organ System

Study the diagram given below and then answer the questions that follow:

1. Identify the tissue and give a reason to support your answer.
2. Name the parts labelled 1,2,3 and 4.
3. Where is this tissue likely to be found in the plant?
4. State the function of the parts labelled 1,2,3 and 4.

Answer

1. The given diagram is a longitudinal section of a phloem tissue of a plant as the cells exhibit cellular contents.

2. The following parts are labelled:

   • 1 → Sieve cell
   • 2 → Phloem parenchyma cell
   • 3 → Companion cell
   • 4 → Sieve plate

3. This tissue is likely to be found in the stem and leaves as it is the tissue that conducts food, the manufactured food in the leaves needs to be transported to other parts of the plant.

4. The functions of the labelled parts are as follows-

   • 1 → Sieve cell — Assists in transporting food from leaves to storage structures and other plant parts.
   • 2 → Phloem parenchyma cell — Stores fat, starch and other organic food material.
   • 3 → Companion cell — Facilitates the functioning of the cells of sieve tube.
   • 4 → Sieve plate — Dissolved organic solutes and water permeates through these structures as it contains perforations.

Study the diagram given below and then answer the questions that follow:

1. Identify the cell.
2. Name the parts labeled 1,2,3,4,5, and 6.
3. Where is this cell likely to be found in the human body and what is its function.

Answer

1. The cell is the neuron or the nerve cell.
2. The labelled parts are:
   • 1 → Perikaryon/Cyton
   • 2 → Axon
   • 3 → Nucleus
   • 4 → Nissl Granules
   • 5 → Neurolemma
   • 6 → Axon endings
3. In human body, the nerve cell is found in the nervous system.
   Function:
   1. Transmission of messages from one to another body part.
   2. It is linked with the response and perception of animals.

The figures (A and B) given below are two kinds of animal tissues. Study the figures and answer the following questions:

1. Identify the tissue A and B.
2. Label all the guidelines marked in the figures A and B.
3. Write one common function of both the tissues A and B.
4. Mention one functional difference between A and B.
5. Write one specific location of each (A and B) in human body.

Answer

1. Tissue A is Cartilage. Tissue B is Bone.

2. Fig. A

   • 1 → Matrix
   • 2 → Cell

   Fig. B

   • 1 → Concentric Lamellae
   • 2 → Haversian Canal
   • 3 → Bone cell

3. Common function of both the tissue is providing support.

4. Cartilage provides support to flexible and elastic parts of body like trachea while bone is hard and provides structural support to the body.

5. A → Bronchial tubes
   B → Ribs

1. What are the two kinds of fibrous connective tissue?
2. Write one important function of each.
3. Draw a neat diagram of fibrous connective tissue. Label its four important parts.

Answer

1. Tendons and Ligaments are two fibrous connective tissue.

2. Tendons connect muscles to bones. Ligaments connect bone to bone.

3. Below diagram shows fibrous connective tissue with four of its important parts labelled:

Sandesh observed a slide containing the longitudinal section of a plant tissue found in all parts of the plant like-root, stem and leaves. Different types of cells are visible in the tissue as shown alongside in the diagram:

(a) Identify and name the kind of tissue shown above. Is it a kind of simple permanent tissue or complex tissue ?

(b) Distinguish between simple permanent tissue and complex permanent tissue.

(c) Write one important role of the above mentioned tissue.

Answer

(a) Phloem tissue. It is a complex permanent tissue.
(b)

(c) The role of phloem is transportation of food from the leaves to all parts of the plant.

Assertion (A): Lateral (or cambium) meristem is responsible for the increase in the girth (diameter) of the stem.

Reason (R): Cambium is located near the tips of the root and stem and also on the tips of axillary buds where growth occurs at a faster rate.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

A is True and R is False.

Reason — A is True as the lateral meristem is responsible for secondary growth, i.e., the increase in girth of stems and roots.
R is False because apical meristem is found at the tips of roots, stems, and axillary buds, and it contributes to length-wise growth.

Therefore, A is True and R is False is the correct option.

Assertion (A): Collenchyma is composed of long and narrow cells. These cells have very thick walls due to the deposition of lignin.

Reason (R): Collenchyma stores food and provides temporary support to the parts of a plant.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

A is false and R is True.

Reason — A is false as collenchyma cells are long and narrow, but their thickening is due to cellulose and pectin, not lignin. Lignin is found in sclerenchyma, not collenchyma.
R is True as collenchyma store food and provides mechanical support, to growing parts like young stems and leaves.

Therefore, A is false and R is True is the correct option.

Assertion (A): Tracheids are made up of elongated dead cells with large cavities without any contents.

Reason (R) : Tracheids provide mechanical support by developing various types of thickenings in their walls.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Reason — A is true because tracheids are elongated, dead cells with large empty cavities.
R is true because tracheids have lignified wall thickenings and therefore provide mechanical support. However, R does not explain A.

Therefore, Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A is the correct option.

Assertion (A): Lymph is a fluid connective tissue which does not contain any blood cells.

Reason (R): Lymph is concerned with transportation and immunity.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

A is False and R is True.

Reason — A is False as lymph is a fluid connective tissue, but it contains white blood cells (WBCs), especially lymphocytes.
R is True as lymph plays a role in transporting nutrients, fats, and waste and it also provides immunity.

Therefore, A is False and R is True is the correct option.

Assertion (A): Cardiac muscles are striated, uninucleated and branched. Cells are relatively short and located in the muscles of the heart.

Reason (R): Cardiac muscles can contract without outside stimulation and do not get tired easily.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Reason — A is true as cardiac muscles are striated, uninucleated and branched. They are found only in the heart.
R is true as cardiac muscles can contract without external nerve stimulation. They work continuously without getting tired. But the reason does not explain the structural features mentioned in the assertion.

Therefore, Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A is the correct option.

Assertion (A): Xylem and phloem are the two types of vascular tissues which help in the transportation of materials to the various parts of the plant.

Reason (R): Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves whereas phloem transports the prepared food material from the leaves to various parts of the plant.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Reason (R): A is true as Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to leaves.
R is true as Phloem transports food (sugars) from leaves to other parts. The reason correctly explains how these tissues carry out transportation.

Therefore, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A is the correct option.

Samay is working on a school project for his biology class. His teacher asks him to study plant growth at tissue level and identify the specific tissues involved in this process. He sows a few soaked bean seeds in his kitchen garden and observes the sprouts under a microscope. He notices actively dividing cells in the growing regions of the plant.

(a) Name the type of tissue observed by Samay that has the ability to divide repeatedly and produce a large number of cells in a particular region.

(b) Write two specific locations in the plant body where the above mentioned tissue can be found.

(c) State any two main characteristic features of the cells of this tissue.

(d) What are the 2 main categories of this tissue ?

Answer

(a) The tissue is Meristematic tissue.

(b) Two locations where this tissue is found are tips of roots and shoots.

(c) Two characteristic features of the cells of this tissue are:

1. Cells are small, actively dividing, with dense cytoplasm.
2. Cells have thin cell walls and a large prominent nucleus.

(d) The two main categories of this tissue are:

1. Apical or Terminal meristem
2. Lateral or Cambium meristem