Nutrition [Nutrition in General]

Define malnutrition.

Answer

Malnutrition is the condition in which a person suffers due to an unbalanced diet. It includes both deficiency as well as an excess of nutrients in a person's diet.

Categorise the following items into carbohydrates and proteins:

Cellulose, Starch, Egg albumen, Milk, Pea, Glycogen, Cane-sugar

Answer

Write the approximate requirement of calories for the following:

1. An adult physical labourer.
2. A teenager.
3. A pregnant woman.

Answer

1. 2800-3200
2. 1800-2400
3. 2200-2600

Which one of the following pairs of nutrients includes both as simple sugars (monosaccharides)?

1. Sucrose and glucose
2. Glucose and maltose
3. Fructose and glucose
4. Maltose and lactose

Answer

Fructose and glucose

Reason — Fructose and glucose, both are simple sugars (monosaccharides).
Sucrose is a disaccharide and glucose is a monosaccharide.
Glucose is a monosaccharide and maltose is a disaccharide.
Maltose is a disaccharide and lactose is a disaccharide.

Which one of the following is the correct matching of a nutrient mineral element and its one rich source?

1. Calcium - Potato
2. Sodium – Citrus fruits
3. Iodine – Dairy milk
4. Potassium – Banana

Answer

Potassium – Banana

Reason — Banana is a rich source of potassium. Potatoes are not a rich source of calcium.
Calcium is mainly found in milk and dairy products. Citrus fruits are rich in vitamin C, not sodium. While milk may contain small amounts, the main rich sources of iodine are iodized salt and seafood.

Marasmus is due to deficiency of:

1. Vitamin C
2. Carbohydrates, fats and proteins
3. Fat
4. Food

Answer

Carbohydrates, fats and proteins

Reason — Marasmus is caused in infants below one year of age due to severe deficiency of Carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
Vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy, not marasmus. Lack of only fat does not cause marasmus. Food is too vague.

Fat soluble vitamins are:

1. A, D and E
2. B, C and D
3. B, D and E
4. A, B and C

Answer

A, D and E

Reason — Vitamin A, D and E are fat soluble vitamins whereas Vitamin B and C are water soluble vitamins.

Which of the following is the best source of vitamin A:

1. Apple
2. Honey
3. Carrot
4. Peanuts

Answer

Carrot

Reason — Carrot contains carotene, which is precursor of vitamin A.
Apple is rich in fiber and some vitamins, but not a good source of vitamin A. Honey mainly contains sugars but has no significant vitamin A. Peanuts are good source of protein and fats, but not vitamin A.

Ascorbic acid is Vitamin :

1. C
2. D
3. B
4. A

Answer

C

Reason — The chemical name of vitamin C is Ascorbic acid.
Vitamin D is related to bone health.
Vitamin B is group of vitamins. Vitamin A is important for vision.

Which of the following components of a balanced diet enables easy movement of the food through the intestines?

1. Fats
2. Proteins
3. Roughage
4. Vitamins

Answer

Roughage

Reason — Roughage is not digested by our body and hence do not provide any nutrition but it maintains gut health by enabling easy movement of the food through the intestines.
Fats provide energy and insulation, not bowel movement. Proteins help in growth and repair of tissues. Vitamins help in body functions but not digestion movement.

Which of the following is popularly known as grape sugar?

1. Fructose
2. Lactose
3. Glucose
4. Galactose

Answer

Glucose

Reason — Glucose is known as grape sugar as ripe grapes contain glucose.
Fructose is known as fruit sugar, not grape sugar. Lactose known as milk sugar, found in milk. Galactose Component of lactose; not reffered to as grape sugar.

Which of the following consists of two molecules of glucose ?

1. Maltose
2. Sucrose
3. Lactose
4. Fructose

Answer

Maltose

Reason — Maltose is a disaccharide formed by two molecules of glucose.
Sucrose is a disaccharide formed by glucose and fructose.
Lactose is a disaccharide formed by glucose + galactose.
Fructose is a monosaccharide.

The disease caused due to the deficiency of Thiamine is:

1. Osteomalacia
2. Beri beri
3. Rickets
4. Dermatitis

Answer

Beri beri

Reason — Thiamine or vitamin B₁ deficiency results in beri beri.
Osteomalacia is caused by deficiency of Vitamin D in adults. Rickets is caused by deficiency of Vitamin D in children. Dermatitis is caused by deficiency of B-complex vitamins.

Identify the mineral nutrients P and Q based on their roles in the human body.

1. P — Calcium, Q — Phosphorus
2. P — Phosphorus, Q — Iodine
3. P — Phosphorus, Q — Calcium
4. P — Iodine, Q — Calcium

Answer

P — Phosphorus, Q — Calcium

Reason — Phosphorus is a key component of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy currency of cells. Calcium plays a vital role in the coagulation cascade, a series of reactions that lead to the formation of a blood clot.
Iodine is for thyroid hormone production, not for blood clotting.

Given below is a photo of a child suffering from a deficiency disease. Read the information below and fill in the blanks.

Proteins are large chemical molecules which contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Proteins provide the chemical materials for the growth and repair of body cells and tissues. Its deficiency leads to some severe diseases.

(a) ............... is a disease caused due to the deficiency of (b) ............... , (c) ............... and proteins in the diet. This disease usually affects infants below the age of (d) ............... year(s). In this disease, the skin becomes loosely folded and (e) ............... appear prominent.

Answer

Marasmus is a disease caused due to the deficiency of Carbohydrates, Fats and proteins in the diet. This disease usually affects infants below the age of one year. In this disease, the skin becomes loosely folded and ribs appear prominent.

Mention whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F)

(a) Cellulose in our food passes out undigested.

(b) Kwashiorkor is a severe vitamin deficiency disease.

(c) Iron is required for the proper working of thyroid.

(d) Foods protect us from disease and therefore antibiotics which protect us from disease are also foods.

(e) Mineral salts contribute in regulating body processes.

Answer

(a) True

(b) False
Corrected Statement — Kwashiorkor is a severe carbohydrate deficiency disease.

(c) False
Corrected Statement — Iodine is required for the proper working of thyroid.

(d) False
Corrected Statement — Foods protect us from disease but antibiotics which cure diseases are medicine.

(e) True

Name the mineral element that is needed for the following respectively:

(i) Strong teeth

(ii) Proper working of thyroid

(iii) Synthesis of haemoglobin

(iv) Production of chemical energy (ATP)

(v) Cell permeability, especially in nerve cells

Answer

The mineral element that are needed for the following are:

(i) Strong teeth — Fluorine.

(ii) Proper working of thyroid — Iodine.

(iii) Synthesis of haemoglobin — Iron.

(iv) Production of chemical energy (ATP) — Phosphorous.

(v) Cell permeability, especially in nerve cells — Potassium and Sodium.

Name the nutrients whose deficiencies cause the following diseases in humans:

1. Pernicious anemia
2. Pellagra
3. Night blindness
4. Goiter
5. kwashiorkor

Answer

The nutrients whose deficiencies cause the following diseases are:

1. Pernicious anemia — Vitamin B₁₂.
2. Pellagra — Vitamin B₃.
3. Night blindness — Vitamin A.
4. Goiter — Mineral Iodine.
5. kwashiorkor — Proteins.

Mark the odd one out in each of the following cases and name the category to which the others belong:

1. Xerophthalmia, Marasmus, Pellagra, Scurvy.

2. Riboflavin, Thiamine, Folic acid, Iodine.

3. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Lactose.

4. Cellulose, Glycogen, Fructose, Starch.

5. Calcium, Sodium, Iron, Potassium.

Answer

1. Marasmus — Marasmus is the odd one out as it is a diseases caused by deficiency of Carbohydrates, fats and proteins whereas the others namely Xerophthalmia, Pellagra, Scurvy are vitamin deficiency diseases.

2. Iodine — Iodine is the odd one out as it is a mineral element whereas the others namely Riboflavin, Thiamine, Folic acid are Vitamins.

3. Lactose — Lactose is the odd one out as it is disaccharide or double sugar made up of galactose and glucose, whereas glucose, fructose and galactose are monosaccharides.

4. Fructose — Fructose is the odd one out as it is water soluble sugar whereas cellulose, glycogen, and starch are polysaccharides that are not soluble in water.

5. Iron — Iron is the odd one out as it is micronutrient whereas Calcium, Sodium and Potassium are macronutrients

Match the terms given in column A with those of column B.

Answer

Name two diseases caused due to the deficiency of the following :

(a) Vitamin A

(b) Vitamin D

(c) Vitamin B₃

(d) Iodine

(e) Protein

Answer

(a) Night Blindness, Xerophthalmia

(b) Rickets, Osteomalacia

(c) Pellagra, Dermatitis

(d) Goitre, Cretinism

(e) Kwashiorkor, Marasmus

Identify the deficiency diseases with the help of the clues given below :

(a) Delay in blood clotting time.

(b) Swelling of the thyroid gland in the neck region.

(c) Poor mental and physical growth in children.

(d) Poor vision in dim light.

(e) Dryness of the cornea and ulceration in the eye.

Answer

(a) Haemorrhage — due to deficiency of Vitamin K

(b) Goitre — due to deficiency of Iodine

(c) Cretinism — due to deficiency of Iodine

(d) Night Blindness — due to deficiency of Vitamin A

(e) Xerophthalmia — due to deficiency of Vitamin A

Complete the following:

(a) Glucose + ............... → Lactose

(b) Glucose + Glucose → ...............

(c) ............... + Fructose → Sucrose

(d) (C₆H₁₀O₅)_n → ...............

(e) Amino acid₁ + Amino acid₂ + Amino acid₃ + Amino acid_n→ ...............

Answer

(a) Glucose + Galactose → Lactose

(b) Glucose + Glucose → Maltose

(c) Glucose + Fructose → Sucrose

(d) (C₆H₁₀O₅)_n → Starch

(e) Amino acid₁ + Amino acid₂ + Amino acid₃ + Amino acid_n→ Protein

Define the terms:

(a) Balanced diet

(b) Malnutrition

(c) Food

(d) Nutrients

(e) Kwashiorkor

Answer

(a) Balanced diet — A balanced diet is one which contains all the principal constituents of food in proper quantity so that it provides sufficient number of calories.

(b) Malnutrition — Malnutrition is the condition in which a person suffers due to an unbalanced diet. It includes both deficiency as well as an excess of nutrients in a person's diet.

(c) Food — Food is any substance which we eat or drink, and which contains the nutrients.

(d) Nutrients — The components of food that provide essential organic and inorganic compounds to our body are called Nutrients.

(e) Kwashiorkor — Kwashiorkor is a severe protein deficiency disease usually affecting young children and marked by Oedema of the feet and face, protruding belly, stunted growth and other symptoms.

Give two examples each of the following and their usefulness, if any, in our body.

1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides

Answer

1. Monosaccharides:
   Examples — Glucose, Fructose
   Usefulness — Glucose provides an instant source of energy. Fructose enhances glucose metabolism and facilitates disposal of dietary carbohydrate load.
2. Disaccharides:
   Examples — Sucrose, Lactose
   Usefulness — Sucrose is the commercial sugar that is broken down into Glucose and Fructose by the body to provide the energy needed for physical and mental functions. Lactose is the natural sugar found in milk. Lactose acts as an excellent, slow release energy source and causes lesser tooth decay.
3. Polysaccharides:
   Examples — Cellulose, Glycogen
   Usefulness — Cellulose provides roughage for proper functioning of gut. Glycogen serves as a fuel reserve for the body. The controlled breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose increase the amount of glucose that is available between meals.

Write the important roles of the following food components in our body.

(a) Cellulose

(b) Fat

(c) Proteins

(d) Calcium

(e) Phosphorus

Answer

(a) Cellulose provide roughage for proper functioning of gut.

(b) Fat provides energy and helps to repair tissues.

(c) Protein builds as well as repairs cells and tissues.

(d) Calcium is constituent of bones and enamel. It is required for muscle contraction and clotting of blood.

(e) Phosphorus participates in synthesis of nucleic acid, ATP, NADP, bones, enamel. It helps in muscle contraction and conduction of nerve impulse.

A doctor advises a bone patient to include more of milk and milk products in his everyday food. Why so?

Answer

Bones are made of iron and calcium. Milk products and milk are rich in Vitamin A and Calcium. The doctor advises his patient to include milk and its products so that the bones and teeth get stronger. Milk inhibits the oxidation of Vitamin A. It contains calcium that aids in blood clotting.

Distinguish between the following pairs on the basis of the words indicated in the brackets :

(a) Monosaccharides and Disaccharides (Number of carbon atoms)

(b) Kwashiorkor and Marasmus (Age)

(c) Tocopherol and Pantothenic acid (Solubility)

(d) Malnutrition and Under-nutrition (Definition)

(e) Iron and Iodine. (Deficiency diseases)

Answer

(a) Difference between Monosaccharides and Disaccharides (Number of carbon atoms):

(b) Difference between Kwashiorkor and Marasmus (Age):

(c) Difference between Tocopherol and Pantothenic acid (Solubility):

(d) Difference between Malnutrition and Undernutrition (Definition):

(e) Difference between Iron and Iodine (Deficiency diseases):

List the six main purposes for which food is required by the body.

Answer

Purpose for which food is needed by the body.

1. Growth — Food is necessary for building new protoplasm or cells. This helps in the growth of an organism.
2. Repair — Food provides material for the repair of worn-out or injured cells.
3. Energy — We obtain energy from food. This energy is required for carrying out various life functions.
4. Maintenance — Nutrients obtained through food help to maintain the chemical composition of cells.
5. Provision of raw material — to manufacture various secretions namely, hormones, enzymes, milk, sweat etc.
6. Protection — Food provides protection from infection and diseases.

Why are proteins necessary in our food?

Answer

Proteins are essential in our food because they play a crucial role in various bodily functions. They are body building foods. They provide the chemical material for the growth and repair of body cells and tissues. Proteins also serve as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies, and contribute to the structure and functioning of muscles, bones, and other body systems. In the time of emergency, they may also be oxidised to release energy.

Taking the examples of whole grain atta, fruit and green leafy vegetables, describe how roughage in our diet is useful.

Answer

Whole grain atta, fruits and green leafy vegetables are the chief sources of roughage. The benefits of roughage are:

1. It enables undigested food to move easily through the intestines.
2. It stimulates secretion from the digestive tract.
3. It helps in the removal of cholesterol and toxins.
4. It prevents constipation as it absorbs water and retains it making the faecal matter soft.
5. It simulates the muscle contraction in the intestinal wall, making the movement of faecal matter easy.

Give any four reasons why water is necessary in our body.

Answer

Water is necessary in our body because:

1. It acts as a solvent in the body for thousands of organic and inorganic substances.
2. It is used to produce digestive juices.
3. It helps in the transportation of digested foods and oxygen throughout the body.
4. It is used in the excretion of soluble wastes.

Prepare a balanced diet menu for a day specifying meals for breakfast, lunch and dinner for a teenager like yourself.

Answer

Breakfast — Milk 250 ml/ 2 eggs + cereals + fruits.

Lunch — Vegetable 150 gms/ meat/ fish + 2-3 chapati/ rice + salad + Dal 1 cup.

Dinner — Vegetable 100 gms + salad + chapatis 2-3.

Complete the following table by filling the blanks.

Answer

Given below is an incomplete table of vitamins, their rich sources and the related deficiency diseases. Fill in the blanks [(i)-(viii)] with only one suitable word for each.

Answer

Akshay studied a flow-chart showing the role of nutrients in the human body. It shows that all the nutrients are important for various metabolic activities of the body.

(a) Mention the simplest form of carbohydrates which releases energy on its oxidation.

(b) Write two important roles of fat in our body.

(c) Name the mineral element which is required for the synthesis of the hormone produced by thyroid gland.

Answer

(a) Glucose

(b) Two important roles of fat: -

1. Energy production.
2. Insulation and Protection.

(c) Iodine

Assertion (A): Cellulose is a kind of polysaccharide which provides roughage for proper functioning of the gut.

Reason (R): Cellulose cannot be converted into simpler carbohydrates like glucose, etc. So, this polysaccharide remains as such in the gut and helps in the movement of the undigested food through the intestine.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Reason — A is true as cellulose is a polysaccharide that acts as roughage because humans lack the enzyme cellulase to digest it but glycogen is not roughage, it is a storage form of glucose in animals and is digestible by humans.
R is true as many polysaccharides, like starch and glycogen, can be digested into simpler sugars like glucose. Only cellulose remains undigested in the human gut and contributes to roughage.

Therefore, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A is the correct option.

Assertion (A): The deficiency of iodine leads to goitre.

Reason (R): Iodine is required for the proper growth and development of the thyroid gland.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Reason — A is true as goitre is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, caused by iodine deficiency. Without iodine, the thyroid gland cannot produce enough thyroid hormones, leading to gland enlargement.
R is true as Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones. These hormones regulate growth, metabolism and development all of which are essential for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland.

Therefore, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A is the correct option.

Assertion (A): Haemoglobin is a respiratory pigment consisting of an iron containing part - haem and a protein - globin.

Reason (R): The deficiency of iron causes anaemia because it is required for the formation of haemoglobin.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Reason — A is true as haemoglobin is a respiratory pigment found in red blood cells, and it is made of: Globin (a protein), Heme group containing iron.
R is true is anaemia is caused by iron deficiency.

Therefore, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A is the correct option.

Assertion (A): Diet is the combination of food items which we eat in our meals every day.

Reason (R): Diet must contain all the food components in the required amount for a particular person.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Reason — A is true as a diet refers to the daily intake of food by an individual.
R is true as it includes all the food items consumed as part of regular meals. A balanced diet must contain all essential nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water) in the right proportions.

Therefore, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A is the correct option.

Assertion (A): Both galactose and lactose are sugars present in milk and soluble in water.

Reason (R): Lactose is insoluble in water as it is a type of polysaccharide; while galactose being a disaccharide, is soluble.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

A is True and R is False.

Reason — A is True as lactose is the main sugar in milk. It is a disaccharide. Galactose is a monosaccharide, and also found in milk. Both the sugars are soluble in water.
R is False as lactose is a disaccharide, not a polysaccharide and it is soluble in water, galactose is a monosaccharide not a disaccharide, is also soluble in water.

Therefore, A is True and R is False is the correct option.

Assertion (A): Both kwashiorkor and marasmus are caused due to the deficiency of fat. Usually, old aged people are affected with these diseases.

Reason (R): Kwashiorkor and marasmus are protein deficiency diseases usually affecting children.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

A is False and R is True.

Reason — A is False as Kwashiorkor and marasmus are primarily caused by protein and carbohydrate deficiencies, not fat alone. These diseases affects young children, especially in areas with malnutrition.
R is True as these diseases are protein deficiency diseases and mostly affect infants and young children.

Before her annual sports day, Anaya often felt tired during practice and struggled to focus in class. When her mother reviewed her eating habits, she noticed that Anaya was skipping breakfast and relying mostly on packaged snacks. Anaya often visited her school nurse with many problems. One day, the school nurse made her aware about the importance of all the food components that should be present in every meal of hers.

(a) What are the six food components that should be taken by everyone in specific amounts to be fit and healthy?

(b) Which of the above food components is considered as staple food ?

(c) Name one micronutrient which is a component of the thyroxine hormone secreted by the thyroid gland.

(d) What are the two fluids through which water is regularly lost from the body ?

(e) Write the technical term for a vitamin which can be synthesized in humans by ultraviolet rays.

Answer

(a) The six food components that should be taken by everyone in specific amounts to be fit and healthy are:

1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Fats
4. Vitamins
5. Minerals
6. Water

(b) The above food components is considered as staple food is carbohydrates.

(c) Iodine is the micronutrient which is a component of the thyroxine hormone secreted by the thyroid gland.

(d) The two fluids through which water is regularly lost from the body are: sweat and urine.

(e) Vitamin D can be synthesized in humans by ultraviolet rays.