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Chemistry

Explain the following :

(a) HCl gas dissolved in toluene does not affect litmus.

(b) An inverted funnel is used to dissolve Ammonia gas in water.

(c) A bottle of liquor ammonia should be opened very carefully.

Hydrogen Chloride

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Answer

(a) HCl gas is covalent in nature and does not ionise in non-polar solvents like toluene. Since, there is no ionisation of HCl, so no hydronium (H3O+) ions are produced. As, acidity depends on the presence of these ions, neither blue nor red litmus shows any colour change; the solution is neutral to litmus.

(b) The mouth of the inverted funnel provides a larger surface area over which ammonia gas can come into contact with water, so the gas dissolves rapidly. At the same time, keeping the funnel rim just below the water surface allows air to enter if the pressure inside the apparatus falls, preventing water from being sucked back into the flask that contains the gas.

(c) Liquor ammonia (aqueous NH3) is stored under considerable internal pressure owing to the high volatility of ammonia. The bottle is first cooled in ice-cold water. The cooling lowers the vapour pressure, so when the stopper is removed the contents do not spurt out and there is no sudden escape of ammonia gas.

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