How was the administration run during Akbar’s reign? Briefly explain the functions of some of the important ministers.

One of the significant contributions of Akbar’s reign was the establishment of an efficient administrative system. His administrative system can be grouped under two heads — Central Administration and Provincial Administration.

Central Administration — Akbar setup a strong centralised government. The emperor was the supreme authority whose decision on all matters — political, military and judicial — was final. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the army and the supreme judge. The emperor was assisted by a Council of ministers. Some of the important ministers were:

1. Wakil or Prime Minister – During Akbar’s reign, Wakil’s power were reduced and he was only a ceremonial head.
2. Wazir or Diwan – He was head of the revenue department. He was responsible for all income and expenditure and held control over khalisa, jagir and inam lands.
3. Mir Bakshi – He was head of the military department.
4. Mir Saman – He was in charge of the imperial household, royal workshops.
5. Qazi – He was head of the judiciary.

Provincial Administration — Akbar divided his empire into 15 provinces. Each province or Suba was governed by a Subedar. Diwan was another important minister in the province to keep records of the land revenue. The provinces were further divided into districts and villages. A number of officers were appointed to manage the affairs of the districts and villages.