What are the functions of the following in a seed?

(a) Seed coat

(b) Micropyle

(c) Cotyledons

(d) Radicle

(e) Plumule

(a) Seed coat — A seed coat protects the delicate inner parts of the seed from injury and from the attack of bacteria, fungi and insects. It also plays a crucial role in regulating seed dormancy. The seed coat prevents premature germination by providing a barrier that restricts water and gas exchange.

(b) Micropyle — It serves two functions:

1. When soaked in water, the seeds absorb water mainly through the micropyle and make it available to the embryo for germination.
2. It provides for the diffusion of respiratory gases for the growing embryo.

(c) Cotyledons — Cotyledons contain food for the embryo and protect it.

(d) Radicle — Radicle is the embryonic root of the plant. It grows downward into the soil and anchors the plant, absorbing water and nutrients from the ground. It develops into the primary root of the plant, which later gives rise to the entire root system.

(e) Plumule — Plumule is the embryonic shoot of the plant. It grows upwards and is responsible for the development of the above-ground parts of the plant, including stems, branches, and leaves.