History
Why do some historians think that print culture created the basis for the French Revolution?
Modern World
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Answer
Some historians think that print culture created the basis for the French Revolution as:
- Print popularised the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers. Collectively, their writings provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism. They argued for the rule of reason rather than custom, and demanded that everything be judged through the application of reason and rationality. They attacked the sacred authority of the Church and the despotic power of the state, thus eroding the legitimacy of a social order based on tradition.
- Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. All values, norms and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by a public that had become aware of the power of reason, and recognised the need to question existing ideas and beliefs.
- By the 1780s there was an outpouring of literature that mocked the royalty and criticised their morality. In the process, it raised questions about the existing social order. Cartoons and caricatures typically suggested that the monarchy remained absorbed only in sensual pleasures while the common people suffered immense hardships. This literature circulated underground and led to the growth of hostile sentiments against the monarchy.
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Related Questions
Look at Figs. 19, 20 and 21 carefully.

Fig. 19 — Ghor Kali (The End of the World), coloured woodcut, late nineteenth century.

Fig. 20 — An Indian couple, black and white woodcut.

Fig. 21 — A European couple sitting on chairs, nineteenth-century woodcut.
(a) What comment are the artists making on the social changes taking place in society?
(b) What changes in society were taking place to provoke this reaction?
(c) Do you agree with the artist’s view?
Write briefly why some people feared that the development of print could lead to the growth of dissenting ideas.
Give reasons for the following:
(a) Woodblock print only came to Europe after 1295.
(b) Martin Luther was in favour of print and spoke out in praise of it.
(c) The Roman Catholic Church began keeping an Index of Prohibited books from the mid-sixteenth century.
(d) Gandhi said the fight for Swaraj is a fight for liberty of speech, liberty of the press, and freedom of association.
Write short notes to show what you know about:
(a) The Gutenberg Press
(b) Erasmus’s idea of the printed book
(c) The Vernacular Press Act