Disease and Hygiene

Malaria is caused by

1. Bacteria
2. Protozoan
3. Fungi
4. virus

Answer

Protozoan

Reason — Malaria is caused by protozoan Plasmodium which enters the human body through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito.

Deficiency of vitamin C causes

1. Night blindness
2. Scurvy
3. Anaemia
4. Polio

Answer

Scurvy

Reason — Deficiency of vitamin C causes Scurvy (swollen bleeding gums).

Hay fever and asthma are

1. Deficiency diseases
2. Genetic diseases
3. Organic diseases
4. Allergic diseases

Answer

Allergic diseases

Reason — Hay fever and asthma are Allergic disease because both disease are caused by unpredictable reaction of the body to a particular substance.

Which one of the following is a genetic disease?

1. Scurvy
2. Leukemia
3. Goitre
4. Haemophilia

Answer

Haemophilia

Reason — Haemophilia is a genetic disease because it is inherited from parent to child.

Which one of the following is a degenerative disease?

1. Thalassemia
2. Beri-beri
3. Cataract
4. Diabetes

Answer

Cataract

Reason — Cataract is a degenerative disease because it is a age related eye disease which affects older person.

Pellagra is caused by the deficiency of

1. Vit. B₃
2. Vit. B₁
3. Vit. C
4. Vit. D

Answer

Vit. B₃

Reason — Pellagra is caused by the deficiency of Vit. B₃ (Niacin).

Deficiency of Iodine in one's food can cause

1. Beri-beri
2. Goitre
3. Scurvy
4. Pellagra

Answer

Goitre

Reason — Deficiency of Iodine causes Goitre.

Which one of the following vitamin deficiency diseases can be cured by eating a diet which includes carrot, yellow fruits, vegetables, butter milk,fish?

1. Beri-beri
2. Dermatitis
3. Night blindness
4. Scurvy

Answer

Night blindness

Reason — Night blindness is caused by deficiency of Vitamin A. Sources of Vitamin A are carrot, yellow fruits, vegetables, butter, milk, fish.

Which one of the following is a communicable disease?

1. Measles
2. Cancer
3. Heart stroke
4. Allergy

Answer

Measles

Reason — Measles is a communicable disease because it is spread by direct contact with an infected person.

The infamous COVID-19 was a contagious disease spread by :

1. Bacteria
2. Protozoa
3. Viruses
4. Worms

Answer

Viruses

Reason — The contagious disease COVID-19 was spread by viruses.

Which of the following is a lung disease caused by bacteria ?

1. Rabies
2. Pneumonia
3. Malaria
4. Cholera

Answer

Pneumonia

Reason — Pneumonia is a disease of the lungs caused by a bacteria.

Kwashiorkor disease is caused due to the deficiency of :

1. Proteins
2. Proteins and fats
3. Carbohydrates
4. Carbohydrates and proteins

Answer

Proteins

Reason — Kwashiorkor is a form of malnutrition primarily caused by a lack of protein in the diet.

Which of the following is a specific symptom of the disease long dash scurvy ?

1. Skin inflammation
2. Bleeding gums
3. Drying of cornea
4. Bones turning soft

Answer

Bleeding gums

Reason — Scurvy is caused by a severe lack of Vitamin C, which is crucial for healthy gums. This deficiency leads to swollen, bleeding gums.

Swelling in the neck is a symptom of :

1. Anaemia
2. Mumps
3. Goitre
4. Rabies

Answer

Goitre

Reason — Goitre is caused due to deficiency of Iodine.

Which of the following is not a disease spread by the bite of a mosquito ?

1. Dengue
2. Typhoid
3. Elephantiasis
4. Malaria

Answer

Typhoid

Reason — Typhoid is a bacterial infection spread through contaminated food and water, not mosquito bites. Its symptoms are continuous fever.

Fill in the blanks by selecting suitable words given below:

(goitre, insulin, rickets, iron, proteins)

1. Anaemia is caused due to the deficiency of ...............
2. Deficiency of Vit.D causes ............... in children.
3. Deficiency of iodine in the diet may cause ...............
4. Kwashiorkor is caused due to the deficiency of ...............

Answer

1. Iron
2. Rickets
3. Goitre
4. Proteins

Find the odd one out:

1. Typhoid, cholera, jaundice, tuberculosis, tetanus.
2. Cold, malaria, measles, mumps.
3. Scurvy, rickets, polio, pellagra, nightblindness.
4. Proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, cancer.

Answer

(a) Jaundice
Reason — Jaundice is caused by a virus while others are bacterial diseases.

(b) Malaria
Reason — Malaria is caused by a protozoan while others are viral diseases.

(c) Polio
Reason — Polio is a viral disease while others are vitamin deficiency diseases.

(d) Cancer
Reason — Cancer is a disease while others are food components.

Match the terms given in column A with those of column B :

Answer

Fill in the blanks in the following table:

Answer

Name the following:

1. A bacterial disease caused due to contaminated water.
2. A disease caused due to Plasmodium.
3. A disease caused due to the bite of female Culex mosquito.
4. A viral disease spread by the bite of a dog.
5. Two diseases caused due to the deficiency of protein in the diet of a child.
6. Any three water-borne disease.
7. Two common eye infections
8. Two stimulants harmful for human consumption
9. Two diseases that are spread via contaminated food and water
10. Two diseases caused by protozoans
11. Two communicable diseases

Answer

1. Cholera
2. Malaria
3. Elephantiasis
4. Rabies/Hydrophobia
5. Kwashiorkor and Marasmus
6. Typhoid, Cholera, Jaundice
7. Trachoma and Conjunctivitis
8. Tobacco and Alcohol
9. Typhoid and Cholera
10. Malaria and Amoebiasis
11. Viral fever and Chicken pox

Write the technical names of the following vitamins :

1. Vitamin A
2. Vitamin B₁
3. Vitamin B₃
4. Vitamin C
5. Vitamin D

Answer

1. Vitamin A — Retinol
2. Vitamin B₁ — Thiamine
3. Vitamin B₃ — Niacin
4. Vitamin C — Ascorbic acid
5. Vitamin D — Calciferol

Identify the disease with the help of the clues given below :

1. Highly swollen legs
2. Locked jaws due to painful contractions of the jaw and neck muscles
3. Vomiting and watery stools
4. Diarrhoea, stool mixed with mucus and blood
5. Chills, high temperature, profuse sweating.

Answer

1. Filariasis (Elephantiasis)
2. Tetanus
3. Cholera
4. Amoebiasis
5. Malaria

Give two examples of each :

1. Metabolic diseases
2. Genetic diseases
3. Allergies
4. Dietary deficiency diseases
5. Cancer

Answer

1. Two examples of Metabolic diseases are — diabetes, and kidney stones.

2. Two examples of Genetic diseases are — Haemophilia, and thalassemia.

3. Two examples of Allergies are — Hay fever and Asthma.

4. Two examples of Dietary deficiency diseases are — Beri-Beri and Scurvy.

5. Two examples of Cancer are — Breast cancer, and Leukemia.

Write 'True' and 'False' against each of the following statements :

1. Malaria is an infectious disease.
2. Rickets is caused due to the deficiency of vitamin A.
3. Viruses carry germs from garbage and sewage.
4. Filarial germs are transmitted by the bite of female Culex mosquito.
5. Nightblindness is the disease in which people are not able to see at night even if light is available.

Answer

1. True
   Reason — Malaria is a disease caused by a protozoan transmitted by mosquito bites, making it an infectious disease.

2. False
   Reason — Rickets is caused due to the deficiency of vitamin D.

3. False
   Reason — Houseflies, not viruses carry germs from garbage and sewage. Viruses infect cells and replicate within them.

4. True
   Reason — Filarial germs are transmitted by the bite of female Culex mosquito.

5. True
   Reason — Nightblindness is the Vitamin A deficiency disease in which people are not able to see at night even if light is available.

Define the terms given below :

1. Health
2. Disease
3. Pathogen
4. Allergen
5. Hygiene

Answer

1. Health — Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity.

2. Disease — Any physical or functional change in the body from a normal state which causes discomfort or disability is called a disease.

3. Pathogen — Pathogens are disease-causing germs (microorganisms) that have the potential to cause infectious diseases. For example, viruses, bacteria, protozoans etc.

4. Allergen — Allergens are substances that can trigger an unpredictable allergic reaction in individuals.

5. Hygiene — Hygiene is defined as science and practice of maintaining good health.

Write short notes (1-2 sentences) on each of the following:

1. Disease

2. Pathogen

3. Allergy

Answer

1. Disease — Any physical or functional change in the body from a normal state which causes discomfort or disability is called a disease. Disease is a departure from normal health through structural or functional disorder of the body.

2. Pathogen — Micro-organisms which cause communicable diseases are called pathogens. These germs are transmitted through various agencies like air, insect bites, rodent, contaminated food or water, etc. Pathogens may be different kinds of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa or worms.

3. Allergy — Allergy is an unpredictable reaction of the body to a particular substance called allergen. A few common allergens are dust, spores, pollens, certain clothes, particular medicines, cosmetics, etc. Asthma, Eczema, Diarrhoea, Vomiting, Nausea, etc. are some of the common allergic reactions.

What is a non-communicable disease?

Answer

The diseases which are caused either due to improper functioning of the body organs or due to the deficiency of certain minerals and vitamins in the body are known as non-communicable diseases. These diseases are not caused by any germ, therefore these diseases cannot spread from one person to another (i.e., they are non-transmissible). Examples — rickets, diabetes, heart diseases, etc.

What is a deficiency disease?

Answer

A disease which is caused due to the deficiency of certain nutrients, vitamins and minerals in the diet is called a deficiency disease. Example - Anaemia, Goitre.

What are communicable diseases?

Answer

The diseases that can easily spread from an infected person to a healthy person through disease causing germs called pathogens are called communicable diseases.

Biting nails should be strictly avoided. Give reason.

Answer

Dirt and many disease causing pathogens get accumulated under the nails. It is difficult to remove them even if we wash our hands frequently. Biting nails may cause these pathogens to enter into our body through our mouth causing various diseases. Hence, biting nails should be strictly avoided.

Regular exercise and proper rest is a must. Give reason.

Answer

Regular exercise keeps the body muscles active. It helps in the normal functioning of the heart and lungs and also in better circulation of blood. Proper rest helps the body repair, regenerate and recover.

Children eating more fast foods tend to suffer from obesity (overweight). Comment.

Answer

Fast foods are rich in fats and carbohydrates and deficient in vitamins. Eating more fast foods results in the accumulation of fat in the body of children making them suffer from obesity.

How can you control the spreading of diseases by mosquitoes and houseflies?

Answer

We can control spreading of diseases by mosquitoes and houseflies by using repellents, throwing garbage in covered bins, avoiding stagnation of water and covering all the drains prevent breeding of mosquitoes.

Public hygiene is equally important as personal hygiene. Give reasons.

Answer

Maintaining public hygiene prevents the spread of communicable diseases like Malaria, Dengue, Cholera, Diarrhoea, etc. Maintaining a clean environment controls the breeding of mosquitoes, houseflies and other pathogens. Hence, public hygiene is equally important as personal hygiene for good health and preventing diseases.

Given below is a crossword puzzle. Read the clues across and clues down, and fill up the blank squares. Check your performance with the correct solutions given at the end of the chapter.

Clues down

1. Germs or germ - substances introduced into the body to prevent occurrence of an infectious disease.

2. A disease caused by an infected dog that affects the central nervous system.

3. A disease in which the eyes, the skin and the urine turn yellow.

4. The disease pertussis is popularly known as whooping ...............

Clues across

1. Category of pathogen that causes diseases like common cold and mumps.

5. This is the vaccine for preventing tuberculosis.

6. An organ usually affected by tuberculosis.

7. Jumbled spelling of one of the most common insect which visits our exposed foods and contaminates them.

8. Cover this part of your body by a handkerchief while sneezing to prevent droplet infection to others.

9. These may readily grow in your hair, if you do not wash it regularly.

10. A disease that weakens body's defence system against infections.

Answer

The solved cross word puzzle is shown below:

Describe the ways in which communicable diseases are transmitted through various indirect methods.

Answer

Indirect method of transmission of communicable disease are:

1. From items used by the infected person — Touching and sharing items like towels, handkerchiefs, combs, utensils, etc. of an infected person may spread the disease to a healthy person.
2. Contaminated food and water — Houseflies carry germs from garbage and sewage and deposit them on food. Contamination of drinking water even with little amount of faeces or dung can cause a number of diseases.
3. Droplets through air — The droplets coming out when a person infected with common cold, TB, etc. sneezes or coughs, transmit the disease causing germs through the air spreading the disease to more people.
4. Vectors or carriers — Houseflies, mosquitoes, rodents, etc. also carry disease causing germs.

List 3 ways by which you should keep your environment clean.

Answer

Three ways to keep the environment clean are:

1. Maintain a clean environment to prevent the spreading of diseases due to the breeding of mosquitoes, houseflies and pathogens.
2. Garbage should be kept in covered bins so that flies do not breed on it.
3. There should be proper sewer lines connected to sewage treatment plants.

Distinguish between Elephantiasis and Malaria on the basis of the mode of transmission.

Answer

Differences between Elephantiasis and Malaria on the basis of the mode of transmission:

Distinguish between Jaundice and Tuberculosis on the basis of the affected organs.

Answer

Differences between Jaundice and Tuberculosis on the basis of the affected organs:

Distinguish between Rickets and Smallpox on the basis of the characteristic symptoms.

Answer

Differences between Rickets and Smallpox on the basis of the characteristic symptoms:

Distinguish between Anaemia and Goitre on the basis of the deficient mineral.

Answer

Differences between Anaemia and Goitre on the basis of the deficient mineral:

Distinguish between Metabolic diseases and Mental illness on the basis of the one example of each.

Answer

Differences between Metabolic diseases and Mental illness on the basis of the one example of each: