History & Civics
(a) Identify the persons 'A' and 'B' given below. To which section of the Congress did each belong and what were their ultimate objectives?
(b) Highlight three different methods of struggle adopted by each section of the Congress.
(c) State two contributions of persons 'A' and 'B' in the freedom struggle.
2ⁿᵈ Phase of INM
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Answer
(a) The picture 'A' shows Gopal Krishna Gokhale and the picture 'B' shows Lala Lajpat Rai.
Gopal Krishna Gokhale belonged to the Early Nationalists section of the Congress and Lala Lajpat Rai belonged to the Assertive Nationalists section of the Congress.
Gopal Krishna Gokhale wanted to achieve self-government and strove for autonomy within the Empire and not for absolute independence while Lala Lajpat Rai aimed at nothing short of Swaraj as it existed in the United Kingdom.
(b) Three different methods of struggle adopted by each section of the Congress were-
| Early Nationalists | Assertive Nationalists |
|---|---|
| They believed in constitutional methods and worked within the framework of the law. | They were assertive in their approach. |
| They followed the method of three P's - petitions, prayers and protests. | They followed the method of swadeshi, boycott, national education and passive resistance. |
| They sent memorandums and petitions to government officials and the British Parliament. | They adopted the policy of non-cooperation, mass agitation and self reliance. |
(c) Two contributions of Gopal krishna Gokhale in the freedom struggle are as follows-
- Servants of India Society — He set up the Servants of India Society in 1905 to train national leaders who would dedicate themselves to the service fo India.
- Persuaded the British for reforms — He criticised the government on issues such as incurring huge expenditure on the British army, adopting the policy of racial discrimination and imposing production tax on cotton.
Two contributions of Lala Lajpat Rai in the freedom struggle are as follows-
- An Educationist and a Forceful Writer — Lala Lajpat Rai was a prolific writer. When he was in the USA, he started a monthly magazine 'Young India' to spread the message of the right of India to attain Swaraj. His publications included: The Call to Young India, England's Debt to India and The Political Future of India.
- A Social Reformer — He was instrumental in the expansion of D.A.V. College at Lahore in 1886. He opened orphanages, hospitals and schools. He set up Servants of the Peoples Society for the welfare of the downtrodden and outcastes.
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Related Questions
In the second phase of the national movement, there emerged a new younger group of leaders within the Congress who did not agree with the old leadership. In this context, answer the following questions:
(a) Explain how the repressive policies of Lord Curzon and influence of International events led to the Assertive nationalism.
(b) Name the Assertive Nationalist leader who was wounded when he was leading a protest against Simon Commission. How were his words, when he was wounded, prophetics?
(c) Differentiate between the Early Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists in their objectives and achievements, stating one objective and two achievements of each wing of the Congress.
Read the excerpt given below and answer the questions that follow:
"You will have observed the word 'boycott' attached to the word 'movement'. It means that it shall move, move from point to point, move from city to city, move from division to division, move from province to province till we realise the highest destiny of our people as a nation in the comity of nations. I mean swaraj."
—Bipin Chandra Pal, 1906 Calcutta Session of the Congress
(a) Mention Bipin Chandra Pal's political aims.
(b) State his ideas on National Education.
(c) What remedies did he propose to eradicate India's poverty and unemployment?
Read the excerpt given below and answer the questions that follow:
It is a mistake to suppose that the Swadeshi movement requires sacrifice from poor people. We, the middle classes are the greatest offenders in this respect. The poor Kumbi villagers, require not many foreign articles at all, — probably none at all. It is we, the middle classes, who are the consumers of foreign goods; and since this Government is not going to stop the drain by imposing a protective duty it becomes imperatively necessary to adopt a measure by which we can do ourselves what the Government is bound to do and what the government ought to have done long ago. That one point was self-help and another point was determination; and the third sacrifice. You will find that all this included in this resolution, joined with the declaration made in the Presidential address that Swadeshism is a forced necessity in India owing to unnatural economic conditions in India, makes up a complete case for you. I trust that resolution of self-help adopted this year will form the basis of other resolutions of self-help in years to come.’
— Bal Gangadhar Tilak (At the 1906 session of Indian National Congress, where the resolution on Swadeshi was moved.).
(a) What was the main aim of Swadeshi as referred to in the extract? How does, it relate to 'boycott'?
(b) What are the reasons for focussing on Swadeshi?
(c) In what ways is the speaker of this extract the forerunner of Gandhiji?
Study the pictures given below and answer the questions that follow:
(a) Identify the persons 'A' and 'B' given above. To which section of the Congress did each belong and what were their ultimate objectives?
(b) State three different methods of struggle adopted by each section of the Congress.
(c) State two contributions of persons 'A' and 'B' to the freedom struggle.