What are the advantages and disadvantages of DBMS?

The advantages of DBMS are as follows:

1. Control of data redundancy — A DBMS eliminates data redundancy (duplication of data) by integrating the files so that multiple copies of the same data are not stored.
2. Data consistency — DBMS provides data consistency to a large extent as the changes made at one place are reflected at all other places or to all the users.
3. Sharing of data — Sharing of data using a DBMS implies that not only can the existing applications share the data in the database but also that new applications can be developed to operate against the same stored data.
4. Reduced programming effort — A DBMS saves a lot of programming effort since a user need not write programs for query processing involving several tables or files, report generation, addition, modification and deletion of data, etc. Thus, it provides easy retrieval of data.
5. Database enforces standards — With centralized control of the database, the DBA (Database Administrator) can ensure that all applicable standards are followed in the representation of data, i.e., format, documentation standards and conventions, etc.
6. Improved data integrity — The system itself checks for the correct information to be entered by the user in the correct format.
7. Privacy and Security — Since there is a centralized control, the data is protected.
8. Economical — Combining all the organization's operational data into one database and creating a set of applications that works on this single source of data can result in cost saving. The overall maintenance cost of data is reduced.
9. Improved backup and recovery system — A database system provides facilities for recovery from hardware or software failure.
10. Solving enterprise requirement, not individual requirement — Since various types of users with varying levels of technical knowledge use a database, a DBMS should provide a variety of user interfaces.

The disadvantages of DBMS are as follows:

1. Complexity — DBMS software is complex and requires specialized knowledge to install, configure, and manage.
2. Cost — Implementing and maintaining a DBMS involves high costs, including software licensing, hardware, and personnel.
3. Maintenance — Regular maintenance, updates, and backups are required to ensure the DBMS operates efficiently and securely.