(I) Although India had a long history going back to many centuries, it was never a single nation and comprised many kingdoms.

(II) The feeling of nationalism emerged during the British rule mainly as a reaction to the British rule.

1. (II) contradicts (I)
2. (II) is the reason for (I)
3. (I) is true but (II) is false
4. (I) and (II) are independent of each other

(I) and (II) are independent of each other

Explanation — Statement (I) is true because, in ancient and medieval times, India was divided into many kingdoms and princely states. It was not politically united under one permanent national government.
Statement (II) is also true because the feeling of Indian nationalism grew mainly during British rule as a reaction against British exploitation, discrimination and oppressive policies.
However, Statement (II) does not explain Statement (I). The first statement refers to the political condition of India in the past, whereas the second statement refers to the rise of nationalism under British rule.
Therefore, both statements are true, but they are independent of each other.